[{"id":"10-more-or-10-less","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"10 More or 10 Less"},"summary":{"en":"Mentally find 10 more or 10 less than a given two-digit number without counting"},"needs":[{"concept":"one-more-each-time","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"the-two-digits-of-a-two-digit-number","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"10-or-100-more-or-less","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"10 or 100 More or Less"},"summary":{"en":"Find 10 or 100 more or less than a given number up to 1000"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-three-digits-of-a-three-digit-number","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"10-more-or-10-less","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"1000-more-or-less","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"1000 More or Less"},"summary":{"en":"Find 1000 more or less than a given number"},"needs":[{"concept":"10-or-100-more-or-less","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"place-value-of-each-digit","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"12-hour-and-24-hour-time","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"12-hour and 24-hour time"},"summary":{"en":"Read, write, and convert time between analogue and digital 12-hour and 24-hour clocks"},"needs":[{"concept":"telling-time-to-the-minute-age-7","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"2-d-faces-on-3-d-shapes","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"2-D faces on 3-D shapes"},"summary":{"en":"Identify 2-D shapes on the surface of 3-D shapes (e.g. a circle on a cylinder, a triangle on a pyramid)"},"needs":[{"concept":"2-d-shapes","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"flat-vs-solid-shapes","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"3-d-shapes","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"2-d-shapes","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"2-D shapes"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise and name common 2-D shapes (circles, triangles, rectangles including squares)"},"needs":[],"ages":[4,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"2-d-shapes-age-10","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"2-D shapes (age 10+)"},"summary":{"en":"Draw 2-D shapes using given dimensions and angles, using a ruler and protractor accurately"},"needs":[{"concept":"measuring-angles","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"regular-and-irregular-polygons","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"2-d-shapes-age-6","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"2-D shapes (age 6+)"},"summary":{"en":"Identify and describe properties of 2-D shapes including the number of sides and line symmetry in a vertical line"},"needs":[{"concept":"angles-in-triangles-age-6","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"2-d-shapes","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"3-d-shapes-age-5","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"2-d-shapes-age-7","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"2-D shapes (age 7+)"},"summary":{"en":"Draw 2-D shapes and make 3-D shapes using modelling materials; recognise 3-D shapes in different orientations and describe them"},"needs":[{"concept":"edges-vertices-and-faces","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"2-d-shapes-age-6","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"nets-of-3-d-shapes","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"2-d-shapes-age-8","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"2-D shapes (age 8+)"},"summary":{"en":"Identify lines of symmetry in 2-D shapes presented in different orientations; recognise line-symmetric figures and draw lines of symmetry"},"needs":[{"concept":"2-d-shapes-age-6","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"transformations-on-a-grid","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"3-d-shapes","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"3-D shapes"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise and name common 3-D shapes (cubes, cuboids, pyramids, spheres, cylinders, cones)"},"needs":[],"ages":[4,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"3-d-shapes-age-10","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"3-D shapes (age 10+)"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise, describe, and build simple 3-D shapes, including making nets"},"needs":[{"concept":"nets-of-3-d-shapes","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"3-d-shapes-age-9","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"3-d-shapes-age-11","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"3-D shapes (age 11+)"},"summary":{"en":"Use the properties of faces, surfaces, edges, and vertices of 3-D shapes (cubes, cuboids, prisms, cylinders, pyramids, cones, and spheres) to solve problems, including visualising cross-sections"},"needs":[{"concept":"3-d-shapes-age-10","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"3-d-shapes-age-9","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"3-d-shapes-age-5","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"3-D shapes (age 5+)"},"summary":{"en":"Analyse and compare 2-D and 3-D shapes using informal language to describe sides, vertices, and other attributes"},"needs":[{"concept":"2-d-shapes","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"3-d-shapes","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"3-d-shapes-age-9","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"3-D shapes (age 9+)"},"summary":{"en":"Identify 3-D shapes, including cubes and other cuboids, from 2-D representations"},"needs":[{"concept":"2-d-shapes-age-7","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"nets-of-3-d-shapes","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"a-hundred-is-ten-tens","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"A Hundred Is Ten Tens"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that 100 can be thought of as a bundle of ten tens — called a 'hundred'"},"needs":[{"concept":"a-ten-is-ten-ones","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"the-two-digits-of-a-two-digit-number","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"a-ten-is-ten-ones","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"A Ten Is Ten Ones"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that 10 can be thought of as a bundle of ten ones — called a 'ten'"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-teen-numbers","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"abstract-nouns","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Abstract nouns"},"summary":{"en":"Understand and use abstract nouns to name ideas, qualities, and states that cannot be perceived by the senses"},"needs":[{"concept":"basic-nouns-and-verbs","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"academic-vocabulary","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Academic Vocabulary"},"summary":{"en":"Acquire and use accurately a broad range of general academic vocabulary and domain-specific words — drawing new vocabulary from reading and listening and deploying it consciously in writing and speech to achieve particular effects"},"needs":[{"concept":"choosing-formal-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"vocabulary-strategies","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"accurate-measurement","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Accurate Measurement"},"summary":{"en":"Take measurements with increasing accuracy and precision using a range of scientific equipment, taking repeat readings when appropriate"},"needs":[{"concept":"measuring-accurately","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"acid-reactions-and-salts","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Acid Reactions & Salts"},"summary":{"en":"Describe and write word equations for the reactions of acids with metals, alkalis (neutralisation), and metal oxides/hydroxides, identifying the salt produced in each case"},"needs":[{"concept":"acids-alkalis-and-ph","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"types-of-chemical-reaction","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"acids-alkalis-and-ph","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Acids, Alkalis & pH"},"summary":{"en":"Define acids and alkalis in terms of hydrogen ion concentration, describe the pH scale (0–14), and explain how indicators are used to identify and measure acidity or alkalinity"},"needs":[{"concept":"coral-bleaching-and-acidification","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"atoms-elements-and-compounds","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"actions-and-their-consequences","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Actions and Their Consequences"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that actions have consequences — that what you choose to do affects both yourself and other people — and begin to think about what might happen before they act"},"needs":[{"concept":"vocabulary-making-decisions-and-keeping-safe","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"active-and-passive-voice","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Active and passive voice"},"summary":{"en":"Use the passive voice to shift focus from the agent to the action or recipient, understanding how passive constructions affect the presentation of information in formal and objective writing"},"needs":[{"concept":"past-present-and-progressive-tense","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"subject-verb-agreement","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"active-dormant-and-extinct","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Active, Dormant & Extinct"},"summary":{"en":"Classify volcanoes as active (could erupt any time), dormant (sleeping but could wake up), or extinct (will not erupt again)"},"needs":[{"concept":"power-of-eruptions","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"what-is-a-volcano","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"adapting-speech-to-context","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Adapting Speech to Context"},"summary":{"en":"Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, using formal English when appropriate to task and situation while adjusting tone, vocabulary, and style for different audiences"},"needs":[{"concept":"formal-and-informal-english","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"choosing-formal-vocabulary","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"adding-and-subtracting","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Adding and subtracting"},"summary":{"en":"Add and subtract one-digit and two-digit numbers to 20, including zero"},"needs":[{"concept":"number-bonds","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"adding-and-subtracting-age-10","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Adding and subtracting (age 10+)"},"summary":{"en":"Solve addition and subtraction multi-step problems in contexts, deciding which operations and methods to use and why, with numbers up to 10,000,000 and decimals"},"needs":[{"concept":"adding-and-subtracting-age-9","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"reading-and-writing-numbers-to-10-000-000","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"addition-and-subtraction-strategies-age-10","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"adding-and-subtracting-age-7","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Adding and subtracting (age 7+)"},"summary":{"en":"Add and subtract numbers with up to three digits using formal written methods of columnar addition and subtraction"},"needs":[{"concept":"fluent-adding-and-subtracting-within-100","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"addition-and-subtraction-within-1000","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"adding-and-subtracting-age-8","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Adding and subtracting (age 8+)"},"summary":{"en":"Add and subtract numbers with up to four digits using formal written methods of columnar addition and subtraction"},"needs":[{"concept":"place-value-of-each-digit","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"adding-and-subtracting-age-7","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"adding-and-subtracting-age-9","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Adding and subtracting (age 9+)"},"summary":{"en":"Solve addition and subtraction multi-step problems in contexts, deciding which operations and methods to use and why"},"needs":[{"concept":"two-step-addition-and-subtraction-problems","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"mental-addition-and-subtraction-age-9","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"fluent-addition-and-subtraction-age-9","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"adding-and-subtracting-mixed-numbers","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Adding and subtracting mixed numbers"},"summary":{"en":"Add and subtract mixed numbers with like denominators, including by converting to improper fractions or using properties of operations"},"needs":[{"concept":"mixed-numbers-and-improper-fractions","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"fraction-addition-concepts","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"adding-and-subtracting-tens-mentally","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Adding and subtracting tens mentally"},"summary":{"en":"Add and subtract a two-digit number and tens mentally and using concrete/pictorial representations"},"needs":[{"concept":"10-more-or-10-less","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"the-two-digits-of-a-two-digit-number","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"adding-fractions-different-denominators","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Adding fractions (different denominators)"},"summary":{"en":"Add and subtract fractions with denominators that are multiples of the same number by finding a common denominator"},"needs":[{"concept":"equivalent-fractions-age-9","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"fraction-addition-concepts","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"adding-fractions-same-denominator","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Adding Fractions (Same Denominator)"},"summary":{"en":"Add and subtract fractions with the same denominator, including results greater than one whole (e.g. 5/8 + 6/8 = 11/8)"},"needs":[{"concept":"simple-fraction-sums","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"adding-fractions-unlike-denominators","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Adding Fractions (Unlike Denominators)"},"summary":{"en":"Add and subtract fractions with unlike denominators (including mixed numbers) by replacing given fractions with equivalent fractions to produce a common denominator"},"needs":[{"concept":"simplifying-fractions","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"mixed-numbers-and-improper-fractions","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"adding-fractions-different-denominators","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"adding-money-and-giving-change","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Adding money and giving change"},"summary":{"en":"Find different combinations of coins that equal the same amount of money"},"needs":[{"concept":"addition-as-combining-or-putting-together-two","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"pounds-and-pence-notation","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"adding-numbers","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Adding numbers"},"summary":{"en":"Add up to four two-digit numbers using strategies based on place value and properties of operations"},"needs":[{"concept":"fluent-adding-and-subtracting-within-100","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"adding-three-small-numbers","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"adding-three-small-numbers","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Adding Three Small Numbers"},"summary":{"en":"Add three one-digit numbers using strategies including looking for pairs that make 10"},"needs":[{"concept":"number-bonds-to-9","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"grouping-numbers-to-add","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"adding-two-two-digit-numbers","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Adding two two-digit numbers"},"summary":{"en":"Add and subtract two two-digit numbers using concrete objects, pictorial representations, and mental methods"},"needs":[{"concept":"mental-addition-and-subtraction-age-6","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"adding-and-subtracting-tens-mentally","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"adding-within-100","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Adding within 100"},"summary":{"en":"Add within 100 using strategies based on place value, including adding a two-digit and one-digit number, and a two-digit and a multiple of 10"},"needs":[{"concept":"addition-and-subtraction-within-20","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"the-two-digits-of-a-two-digit-number","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"addition-and-subtraction-strategies","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Addition and subtraction strategies"},"summary":{"en":"Use counting on and counting back as strategies for addition and subtraction"},"needs":[{"concept":"addition-as-combining-or-putting-together-two","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"one-more-each-time","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"subtraction-as-taking-away-or-separating","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"addition-and-subtraction-strategies-age-10","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Addition and subtraction strategies (age 10+)"},"summary":{"en":"Add and subtract decimals to hundredths using strategies based on place value, properties of operations, and the relationship between addition and subtraction; relate strategies to written methods and explain reasoning"},"needs":[{"concept":"reading-and-writing-numbers-age-10","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"place-value-10-and-10","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"fluent-addition-and-subtraction-age-9","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"addition-and-subtraction-strategies-age-7","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Addition and subtraction strategies (age 7+)"},"summary":{"en":"Explain why addition and subtraction strategies work, using place value and the properties of operations"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-three-digits-of-a-three-digit-number","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"fluent-adding-and-subtracting-within-100","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"addition-and-subtraction-within-1000","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Addition and subtraction within 1000"},"summary":{"en":"Add and subtract within 1000 using concrete models, drawings, and strategies based on place value; understand composing and decomposing tens and hundreds"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-three-digits-of-a-three-digit-number","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"fluent-adding-and-subtracting-within-100","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"addition-and-subtraction-within-20","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Addition and subtraction within 20"},"summary":{"en":"Add and subtract within 20 using strategies such as making ten, decomposing a number leading to ten, and using known facts"},"needs":[{"concept":"number-bonds-to-9","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"fluent-adding-and-subtracting-within-10","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"addition-and-subtraction-word-problems","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Addition and subtraction word problems"},"summary":{"en":"Solve addition and subtraction word problems within 10 using objects or drawings"},"needs":[{"concept":"representing-addition-and-subtraction","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[4,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"addition-and-subtraction-word-problems-2","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Addition and subtraction word problems"},"summary":{"en":"Solve word problems involving lengths within 100, using addition and subtraction with drawings and equations"},"needs":[{"concept":"fluent-adding-and-subtracting-within-100","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"comparing-lengths-by-measuring","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"addition-and-subtraction-word-problems-maths","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Addition and subtraction word problems"},"summary":{"en":"Solve word problems involving addition and subtraction of fractions with like denominators, using visual models and equations"},"needs":[{"concept":"adding-and-subtracting-mixed-numbers","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"addition-as-combining-or-putting-together-two","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Addition as combining or putting together two"},"summary":{"en":"Understand addition as combining or putting together two groups to find the total"},"needs":[{"concept":"how-many-in-total","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[4,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"addition-in-any-order","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Addition in any order"},"summary":{"en":"Understand and apply the commutative property of addition: addends can be added in any order"},"needs":[{"concept":"addition-as-combining-or-putting-together-two","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"adjective-order-in-sentences","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Adjective Order in Sentences"},"summary":{"en":"Order adjectives within sentences according to conventional English patterns (opinion-size-age-shape-colour-origin-material-purpose) to produce natural-sounding descriptions"},"needs":[{"concept":"expanded-noun-phrases","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"expanded-noun-phrases-age-8","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"adjectives-vs-adverbs","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"comparatives-and-superlatives","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"adjectives-vs-adverbs","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Adjectives vs adverbs"},"summary":{"en":"Use adjectives and adverbs correctly, choosing between them depending on whether a noun or verb/adjective is being modified (e.g., 'She ran quickly' vs 'She is quick')"},"needs":[{"concept":"expanded-noun-phrases","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"advanced-figurative-language","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Advanced Figurative Language"},"summary":{"en":"Understand and interpret figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meaning — including allusion, irony, pun, oxymoron, and extended metaphor — and distinguish between connotation and denotation when analysing or choosing words"},"needs":[{"concept":"figurative-language-and-literary-devices","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"antonyms-and-synonyms","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"how-language-choices-affect-the-reader","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"advanced-material-properties","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Advanced Material Properties"},"summary":{"en":"Compare and group everyday materials based on advanced properties: hardness, solubility, transparency, electrical and thermal conductivity, and response to magnets"},"needs":[{"concept":"testing-materials-for-uses","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"material-properties-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"choosing-the-right-material","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"solids-liquids-and-gases","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"advanced-maths-vocabulary","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Advanced Maths Vocabulary"},"summary":{"en":"Communicate with mathematical precision: use correct vocabulary for ratio, proportion, algebra, volume, coordinate geometry, and circle parts; specify units including cm³, m³, and miles/km; use notation for algebraic expressions and order of operations accurately"},"needs":[{"concept":"choosing-formal-vocabulary","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"writing-algebraic-equations","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"precise-maths-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"parts-of-a-circle","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"advanced-multi-step-problems","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Advanced Multi-Step Problems"},"summary":{"en":"Make sense of complex multi-step problems involving ratio, proportion, algebra, negative numbers, and all four operations with fractions and decimals by analysing given and unknown quantities, planning solution strategies, and evaluating reasonableness using estimation and inverse operations"},"needs":[{"concept":"finding-knowledge-gaps","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"understanding-fractions-4","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"complex-multi-step-problems","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"multi-step-problems-choosing-operations","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"advanced-punctuation-for-clarity","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Advanced Punctuation for Clarity"},"summary":{"en":"Use punctuation confidently and accurately for effect and clarity — including semicolons to link related clauses, colons to introduce lists or explanations, dashes and parentheses for parenthetical information, ellipsis for omission or suspense, and commas for coordinate adjectives and nonrestrictive elements"},"needs":[{"concept":"brackets-and-dashes-for-parenthesis","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"colons-and-semicolons-in-lists","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"punctuating-clauses","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"advanced-spelling-conventions","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Advanced Spelling Conventions"},"summary":{"en":"Spell words using assorted Y5-6 conventions: doubling after -fer when the stress remains (referring but reference), using hyphens to join prefixes to root words (co-ordinate, re-enter), the /iː/ sound spelt ei after c (receive, ceiling), and the letter string ough representing different sounds (though, through, thought, thorough, plough)"},"needs":[{"concept":"prefixes-age-7","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"spellings-from-greek-french-and-latin","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"advertising-and-spending","subject":"life-skills","names":{"en":"Advertising & Spending"},"summary":{"en":"How advertising tries to influence what we buy; being a critical consumer; understanding 'value for money'; the difference between emotional and rational spending"},"needs":[{"concept":"needs-and-wants","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"buying-things","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"aerobic-respiration","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Aerobic Respiration"},"summary":{"en":"Explain aerobic respiration as the process by which organisms release energy from glucose using oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water; write and interpret the word equation: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water"},"needs":[{"concept":"how-diffusion-works","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"gas-exchange-and-breathing","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"agreement-in-sentences","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Agreement in sentences"},"summary":{"en":"Ensure subject-verb agreement and pronoun-antecedent agreement within and across sentences"},"needs":[{"concept":"pronouns-for-clarity","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"pronouns","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"subject-verb-agreement","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"ai-and-fairness-in-decisions","subject":"computing","names":{"en":"AI and Fairness in Decisions"},"summary":{"en":"Whether AI should make important decisions about people: jobs, loans, justice; who is responsible when AI makes unfair decisions; introduction to algorithmic fairness"},"needs":[{"concept":"bias-in-ai-systems","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"humans-versus-machines","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"ai-and-the-environment","subject":"computing","names":{"en":"AI and the Environment"},"summary":{"en":"AI needs huge amounts of energy and water to train; data centres and their environmental cost; but AI can also help — predicting weather, monitoring deforestation, optimising energy; trade-offs"},"needs":[{"concept":"designing-fair-ai-rules","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"climate-change-basics","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"machine-learning-basics","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"ai-and-the-future-of-work","subject":"computing","names":{"en":"AI and the Future of Work"},"summary":{"en":"How AI is changing the world of work: some jobs disappear, new ones are created, many change; jobs AI can't do (yet); what skills matter in an AI world"},"needs":[{"concept":"jobs-people-do","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"bias-in-ai-systems","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"humans-versus-machines","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"ai-data-collection-and-privacy","subject":"computing","names":{"en":"AI Data Collection and Privacy"},"summary":{"en":"What data AI systems collect about you; who has it and why it matters; cookies, tracking, smart speakers always listening; your data is valuable"},"needs":[{"concept":"recommendation-systems-and-filter-bubbles","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"data-and-information-for-computers","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"scams-and-online-safety","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"ai-in-computer-games","subject":"computing","names":{"en":"AI in Computer Games"},"summary":{"en":"How computer game characters 'decide' what to do; simple rule-based AI vs learning AI; NPCs, difficulty adjustment; AI as the opponent in chess or board games"},"needs":[{"concept":"patterns-and-classification","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"step-by-step-instructions","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"ai-in-daily-life","subject":"computing","names":{"en":"AI in Daily Life"},"summary":{"en":"Spotting AI in daily life: face unlock on a phone, video recommendations, spelling auto-correct, automatic doors that detect people; technology that seems to 'know' things"},"needs":[{"concept":"voice-assistants-and-how-they-work","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"smart-versus-not-smart-devices","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"ai-mistakes-and-limitations","subject":"computing","names":{"en":"AI Mistakes and Limitations"},"summary":{"en":"Machines make mistakes; they only know what they've been shown; bad training data leads to bad results; AI is not magic — just maths on data; showing edge cases and failures"},"needs":[{"concept":"machine-learning-basics","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"air-resistance-and-friction","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Air Resistance & Friction"},"summary":{"en":"Identify the effects of air resistance, water resistance, and friction, and understand that these forces act between moving surfaces to oppose motion"},"needs":[{"concept":"gravity-and-falling-objects","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"forces-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"drawing-force-diagrams","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"friction-and-surfaces","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"alexander-the-great-s-empire","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Alexander the Great's Empire"},"summary":{"en":"Describe how Alexander the Great of Macedon conquered a vast empire stretching from Greece to Egypt to India, spreading Greek language, culture, and ideas across the ancient world — creating a period known as the Hellenistic Age where Greek and Eastern cultures blended"},"needs":[{"concept":"marathon-and-thermopylae","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"greek-philosophers-and-medicine","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"algebraic-notation","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Algebraic Notation"},"summary":{"en":"Use and interpret algebraic notation including: ab for a × b, 3y for y + y + y, a² for a × a, a/b for a ÷ b, coefficients as fractions, and brackets for grouping; read and write algebraic expressions fluently"},"needs":[{"concept":"writing-algebraic-equations","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"using-simple-formulae","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"algebraic-transformations","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Algebraic Transformations"},"summary":{"en":"Model situations or procedures by translating them into algebraic expressions or formulae and by using graphs; move between word problems, algebraic representations, tables, and graphical representations"},"needs":[{"concept":"algebraic-notation","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"solving-linear-equations","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"all-times-tables-to-12-12","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"All times tables to 12×12"},"summary":{"en":"Recall multiplication and division facts for multiplication tables up to 12 × 12"},"needs":[{"concept":"counting-in-6s","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"times-tables-age-7","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"alternative-spellings-for-known-sounds","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Alternative Spellings for Known Sounds"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise alternative grapheme-phoneme correspondences for known phonemes (e.g., /dʒ/ as ge/dge/g, /s/ as c, /n/ as kn/gn, /r/ as wr, /ʒ/ as s), reading words with less common spellings for familiar sounds"},"needs":[{"concept":"consonant-digraphs","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"vowel-digraphs","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"single-letter-sounds","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"blending-sounds-to-read-words","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"alternative-spellings-for-sounds","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Alternative Spellings for Sounds"},"summary":{"en":"Spell words using alternative grapheme choices for known phonemes, learning new spellings for sounds already encountered (e.g., /ɔ:/ as 'a' before ll, /ʌ/ as 'o', words ending -tion), including distinguishing common homophones"},"needs":[{"concept":"segmenting-words-into-sounds","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"phonics-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"single-letter-sounds","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"alternative-spellings-for-known-sounds","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[6,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"anaerobic-respiration","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Anaerobic Respiration"},"summary":{"en":"Explain anaerobic respiration in animals as the incomplete breakdown of glucose to lactic acid when oxygen is in short supply, causing muscle fatigue; contrast this with aerobic respiration in terms of energy yield and products"},"needs":[{"concept":"aerobic-respiration","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"analysing-text-structure","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Analysing Text Structure"},"summary":{"en":"Analyse how a text's structure — including its overall organisation, use of chapters, stanzas, scenes, paragraphs, or sections — contributes to its meaning, style, and development of ideas"},"needs":[{"concept":"text-features-and-presentation","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"ancient-egypt-on-the-timeline","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Ancient Egypt on the Timeline"},"summary":{"en":"Place ancient Egypt on a timeline spanning over 3,000 years — from around 3100 BCE (unification under the first pharaoh) to 30 BCE (Roman conquest) — understanding that this civilisation lasted longer than the time between the Romans and today, and was divided into major periods: the Old Kingdom (pyramid age), Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom (empire age)"},"needs":[{"concept":"days-weeks-months-and-years","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"egyptian-timelines-and-maps","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"pharaohs-and-tutankhamun","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"ancient-egypt-s-lasting-legacy","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Ancient Egypt's Lasting Legacy"},"summary":{"en":"Evaluate ancient Egypt's lasting legacy: the Egyptians developed early forms of medicine, mathematics (used to build pyramids and survey land after floods), astronomy (calendar based on star observations), and engineering that influenced later civilisations including Greece and Rome — and compare ancient Egypt with other early civilisations (Mesopotamia, Indus Valley, Shang Dynasty) to identify shared features like writing, agriculture, cities, and organised religion"},"needs":[{"concept":"egyptian-trade-and-economy","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"cleopatra-and-the-end-of-egypt","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"the-pharaoh-as-living-god","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"egyptian-art-and-architecture","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"ancient-greece-and-rome-on-the-map","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Ancient Greece and Rome on the Map"},"summary":{"en":"Locate Greece and Italy on a map and know they are countries around the Mediterranean Sea where two great ancient civilisations — Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome — grew up thousands of years ago, long after the ancient Egyptians but long before our time"},"needs":[{"concept":"egypt-the-nile-and-the-desert","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"ancient-life-vs-today","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Ancient life vs today"},"summary":{"en":"Compare how children in ancient Greece or Rome lived with how children live today — including differences in school (writing on wax tablets, learning to fight in Sparta), food (olives, bread, grapes), games, and clothing (tunics and sandals) — and understand these civilisations existed thousands of years ago"},"needs":[{"concept":"ancient-greece-and-rome-on-the-map","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"everyday-life-in-ancient-egypt","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"angle-sum-rules","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Angle Sum Rules"},"summary":{"en":"Know that angles at a point sum to 360° (one whole turn), angles on a straight line sum to 180°, and vertically opposite angles are equal; use these facts to find missing angles"},"needs":[{"concept":"types-of-angles-age-8","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"degrees-and-turns","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"angle-sums-in-triangles-and-polygons","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Angle sums in triangles and polygons"},"summary":{"en":"Derive and use the angle sum in a triangle (180°), use it to deduce the angle sum in any polygon ((n−2) × 180°), and calculate interior and exterior angles of regular polygons"},"needs":[{"concept":"angles-in-triangles-age-10","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"algebraic-notation","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"understanding-angles-age-11","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"angles-in-triangles-age-10","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Angles in triangles (age 10+)"},"summary":{"en":"Find unknown angles in triangles, quadrilaterals, and regular polygons using angle sum properties"},"needs":[{"concept":"types-of-angles-age-8","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"classifying-shapes-by-properties","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"angle-sum-rules","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"angles-in-triangles-age-11","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Angles in triangles (age 11+)"},"summary":{"en":"Derive and apply formulae for the area of triangles, parallelograms, and trapezia, and for the volume of cuboids and other prisms (including cylinders), connecting each formula to its geometric reasoning"},"needs":[{"concept":"estimating-answers-age-9","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"area-of-triangles-and-parallelograms","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"estimating-answers-age-10","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"angles-in-triangles-age-12","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Angles in triangles (age 12+)"},"summary":{"en":"Know and use the criteria for triangle congruence (SSS, SAS, ASA, RHS), use standard labelling conventions for sides and angles of triangle ABC, and determine whether two triangles are congruent"},"needs":[{"concept":"measuring-angles-age-11","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"types-of-angles-age-11","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"angles-in-triangles-age-6","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Angles in triangles (age 6+)"},"summary":{"en":"Distinguish defining attributes of shapes (e.g. triangles are closed and three-sided) from non-defining attributes (e.g. colour, orientation, overall size)"},"needs":[{"concept":"2-d-shapes","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"3-d-shapes-age-5","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"angles-in-triangles-age-7","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Angles in triangles (age 7+)"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise and draw shapes having specified attributes (e.g. a given number of angles or equal faces); identify triangles, quadrilaterals, pentagons, hexagons, and cubes"},"needs":[{"concept":"angles-in-triangles-age-6","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"2-d-shapes-age-6","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"angles-with-parallel-lines","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Angles with parallel lines"},"summary":{"en":"Understand and use the relationship between parallel lines cut by a transversal: corresponding angles, alternate interior angles, and co-interior (same-side interior) angles; use these to find unknown angles"},"needs":[{"concept":"understanding-angles-age-11","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"anglo-saxon-britain","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Anglo-Saxon Britain"},"summary":{"en":"Who the Anglo-Saxons were: Germanic peoples who settled in Britain after the Romans left; their kingdoms, villages, place names, art, and eventual conversion to Christianity"},"needs":[{"concept":"village-life","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"the-vikings","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"animal-body-groups","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Animal Body Groups"},"summary":{"en":"Describe and compare the external body structure of common animals across groups (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals)"},"needs":[{"concept":"naming-common-animals","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"animal-camouflage","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Animal Camouflage"},"summary":{"en":"Know that many animals use camouflage — colours and patterns that help them blend into their surroundings — to hide from predators or to sneak up on prey, like a leaf insect that looks like a leaf or an Arctic hare that turns white in winter"},"needs":[{"concept":"animals-everywhere","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"nocturnal-animals","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"animal-classification-vocabulary","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Animal Classification Vocabulary"},"summary":{"en":"Use vocabulary for classifying animals and describing life cycles — vertebrate, invertebrate, mammal, bird, reptile, amphibian, fish, insect, arachnid, larva, pupa, metamorphosis, gestation, offspring, complete metamorphosis, incomplete metamorphosis — and apply these correctly when sorting and comparing organisms"},"needs":[],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"animal-communication","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Animal Communication"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that animals communicate in many different ways — birds sing to attract mates and defend territory, whales call across vast ocean distances, bees dance to show other bees where food is, wolves howl to keep the pack together, and fireflies flash light signals — and that communication is essential for survival"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-world-of-minibeasts","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"animals-everywhere","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"animal-groups-and-survival","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Animal Groups & Survival"},"summary":{"en":"Construct an argument that some animals form groups that help members survive, such as herds, packs, or colonies"},"needs":[{"concept":"habitats-and-basic-needs","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"animal-body-groups","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"social-insects-ants-and-bees","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"savanna-and-grassland-animals","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"animal-homes","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Animal Homes"},"summary":{"en":"Know that animals make or find many different kinds of homes — birds build nests, rabbits dig burrows, bees live in hives, hermit crabs use empty shells, spiders spin webs — and that these shelters protect them and their young"},"needs":[{"concept":"animals-everywhere","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"animal-intelligence","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Animal Intelligence"},"summary":{"en":"Explore animal intelligence and complex behaviour — chimpanzees and crows use tools, dolphins recognise themselves in mirrors, octopuses solve puzzles and escape enclosures, elephants mourn their dead, meerkats teach their young to handle scorpions — understanding that many animals think, learn, and have social lives more complex than once believed"},"needs":[{"concept":"predator-hunting-strategies","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"senses-brain-and-responses","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"animal-communication","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"animal-life-cycles","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Animal Life Cycles"},"summary":{"en":"Describe differences in the life cycles of mammals, amphibians, insects, and birds, comparing metamorphosis with direct development"},"needs":[{"concept":"animal-classification-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"life-cycles-of-organisms","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"drawing-life-cycle-diagrams","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"grouping-living-things","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"types-of-metamorphosis","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"animal-life-stages","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Animal Life Stages"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise that animals, including humans, have offspring which grow into adults, and describe basic animal life stages"},"needs":[{"concept":"what-living-things-need","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"how-animals-have-babies","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"naming-common-animals","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"animal-migration","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Animal Migration"},"summary":{"en":"Know that many animals make incredible journeys called migrations — Arctic terns fly from pole to pole, monarch butterflies travel thousands of miles across North America, wildebeest cross the Serengeti following rain, and humpback whales swim between polar feeding grounds and tropical breeding waters — and that these journeys are linked to food, breeding, and seasons"},"needs":[{"concept":"polar-animals-science","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"animals-everywhere","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"savanna-and-grassland-animals","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"animal-nutrition","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Animal Nutrition"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that animals, including humans, need the right types and amounts of nutrition, and that animals cannot make their own food"},"needs":[{"concept":"herbivores-carnivores-and-omnivores","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"what-living-things-need","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"animal-record-holders","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Animal Record-Holders"},"summary":{"en":"Know some of the world's animal record-holders — the blue whale is the largest animal ever, the cheetah is the fastest land animal, the bee hummingbird is the smallest bird, the giraffe is the tallest — and compare their sizes to familiar objects"},"needs":[{"concept":"animals-everywhere","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"animals-everywhere","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Animals Everywhere"},"summary":{"en":"Know that animals live all over the world — on land, in water, and in the air — and that every continent, even icy Antarctica, is home to animals, each suited to the conditions where they live"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"antarctic-treaty-and-research","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Antarctic Treaty & Research"},"summary":{"en":"Know that Antarctica is governed by the Antarctic Treaty (signed 1959, in force since 1961) — which sets Antarctica aside for peaceful purposes and scientific research, bans military activity and mining, and is signed by over 50 countries; understand that international research stations study climate, astronomy, biology, and geology, and that Antarctica is the closest thing on Earth to a continent for science rather than politics"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-race-to-the-south-pole","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"comparing-arctic-and-antarctic","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"antonyms-and-synonyms","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Antonyms & Synonyms"},"summary":{"en":"Demonstrate understanding of words by relating them to their antonyms (opposites) and synonyms (words with similar meanings), using synonym and antonym relationships to refine vocabulary and improve precision in writing"},"needs":[{"concept":"shades-of-meaning","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"apostrophes-contraction-and-possession","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Apostrophes: Contraction and Possession"},"summary":{"en":"Use apostrophes in writing for both contraction (marking omitted letters) and singular possession, distinguishing the two uses"},"needs":[{"concept":"spelling-contracted-forms","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"starting-and-ending-sentences","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"apostrophes-for-possession","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"apostrophes-for-possession","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Apostrophes for possession"},"summary":{"en":"Use the possessive apostrophe with singular nouns to show ownership (e.g., the girl's book, the dog's bone)"},"needs":[{"concept":"regular-plural-nouns","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"spelling-contracted-forms","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"basic-nouns-and-verbs","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[6,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"apostrophes-for-possession-age-7","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Apostrophes for possession (age 7+)"},"summary":{"en":"Use the possessive apostrophe accurately with both regular and irregular plural nouns (e.g., the girls' bags, the children's toys), distinguishing singular from plural possession"},"needs":[{"concept":"irregular-plural-nouns","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"apostrophes-for-possession","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"applying-spelling-rules-to-complex-words","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Applying Spelling Rules to Complex Words"},"summary":{"en":"Spell correctly and consistently, applying the spelling patterns and rules from KS1-2 to increasingly complex vocabulary encountered in KS3 reading and subject-specific study"},"needs":[{"concept":"spelling-word-lists-age-9","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"spellings-from-greek-french-and-latin","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"arctic-vs-antarctic","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Arctic vs Antarctic"},"summary":{"en":"Know that the Arctic (North Pole) and Antarctic (South Pole) are very different — the Arctic is a frozen ocean surrounded by land where people and polar bears live, while the Antarctic is a huge ice-covered continent surrounded by ocean where penguins live but no people live permanently"},"needs":[{"concept":"where-are-the-poles","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"area-age-8","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Area (age 8+)"},"summary":{"en":"Measure areas by counting unit squares (square cm, square m, square in, square ft)"},"needs":[{"concept":"understanding-area","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"area-and-the-distributive-property","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Area and the distributive property"},"summary":{"en":"Use tiling to demonstrate the distributive property: the area of a rectangle with sides a and (b+c) equals a×b + a×c; use area models to represent the distributive property"},"needs":[{"concept":"understanding-angles-age-8-maths","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"area-by-tiling","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Area by Tiling"},"summary":{"en":"Find the area of a rectangle by tiling it with unit squares and show that the result equals the product of the side lengths"},"needs":[{"concept":"area-age-8","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"area-of-compound-shapes","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Area of compound shapes"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise area as additive; find areas of rectilinear figures by decomposing into non-overlapping rectangles and summing their areas"},"needs":[{"concept":"understanding-angles-age-8-maths","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"area-of-triangles-and-parallelograms","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Area of Triangles & Parallelograms"},"summary":{"en":"Calculate the area of parallelograms and triangles using formulae (A = b × h for parallelograms, A = ½ × b × h for triangles)"},"needs":[{"concept":"multiplying-fractions-age-10","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"estimating-answers-age-9","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"using-simple-formulae","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"classifying-shapes-by-properties","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"area-with-fractions","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Area with Fractions"},"summary":{"en":"Find the area of a rectangle with fractional side lengths by tiling with unit-fraction squares; show that the area equals the product of the side lengths"},"needs":[{"concept":"multiplying-fractions-age-10","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"estimating-answers-age-9","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"arrays","subject":"algorithms","names":{"en":"Arrays","hi":"ऐरे"},"summary":{"en":"A row of items you can reach by position in one step."},"needs":[]},{"id":"arrays-for-multiplication","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Arrays for multiplication"},"summary":{"en":"Use arrays to represent multiplication and division situations"},"needs":[{"concept":"division-as-equal-sharing","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"multiplication-as-repeated-addition","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"arrays-for-multiplication-age-7","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Arrays for multiplication (age 7+)"},"summary":{"en":"Use addition to find the total number of objects arranged in rectangular arrays with up to 5 rows and 5 columns; write an equation to express the total as a sum of equal addends"},"needs":[{"concept":"arrays-for-multiplication","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"multiplication-as-repeated-addition","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"arrays-for-multiplication-age-9","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Arrays for multiplication (age 9+)"},"summary":{"en":"Divide numbers up to four digits by a one-digit number using short division (and place-value/array strategies); interpret remainders appropriately for the context"},"needs":[{"concept":"division-as-unknown-factor","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"fluent-multiplication-and-division-facts","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"art-and-architecture","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Art & Architecture"},"summary":{"en":"Medieval cultural achievements: illuminated manuscripts, Gothic cathedrals (flying buttresses, stained glass), Gregorian chant, the Bayeux Tapestry; art and architecture as expressions of faith and power"},"needs":[{"concept":"castle-design-through-the-ages","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"the-medieval-church","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"greek-and-roman-architecture","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"asking-for-help","subject":"learning-to-learn","names":{"en":"Asking for Help"},"summary":{"en":"Ask for help when you've had a go yourself and are still stuck — knowing when to ask is a skill in itself"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"asking-for-help-personal-development","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Asking for Help"},"summary":{"en":"Ask for help when they need it — from a friend, teacher, or family member — and understand that asking for help is a sign of strength, not weakness"},"needs":[{"concept":"asking-questions","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"vocabulary-working-with-others","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"listening-to-others","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"asking-questions","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Asking Questions"},"summary":{"en":"Ask relevant questions to extend understanding; ask and answer questions to seek help, get information, or clarify something not understood"},"needs":[{"concept":"question-words","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"listening-and-responding","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"exploring-ideas-through-talk","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[4,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"asking-scientific-questions","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Asking scientific questions"},"summary":{"en":"Ask simple scientific questions and recognise that they can be answered in different ways including observation, testing, and research"},"needs":[{"concept":"asking-questions","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"observation-vs-interpretation","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"feeling-of-not-understanding","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"persisting-when-it-s-hard","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"assertive-communication","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Assertive Communication"},"summary":{"en":"Use assertive communication — expressing needs, opinions, and boundaries clearly and respectfully without being aggressive (pushy/demanding) or passive (giving in/staying silent) — including saying no when something doesn't feel right"},"needs":[{"concept":"positive-self-talk","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"communication-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"resolving-disagreements-with-friends","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"asteroids-comets-and-dwarf-planets","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Asteroids, Comets & Dwarf Planets"},"summary":{"en":"Identify other objects in the solar system beyond planets: asteroids (rocky bodies mostly between Mars and Jupiter), comets (icy bodies with tails when near the Sun), and meteoroids/meteors/meteorites (space rocks that enter Earth’s atmosphere)"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-eight-planets","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"athenian-democracy","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Athenian Democracy"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that Athens invented democracy — a system where free male citizens gathered in an Assembly to debate and vote on important decisions for the city — but that women, enslaved people, and foreigners were not allowed to vote"},"needs":[{"concept":"athens-versus-sparta","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"athens-versus-sparta","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Athens Versus Sparta"},"summary":{"en":"Compare Athens and Sparta as two very different Greek city-states: Athens focused on learning, arts, debate, and democracy, while Sparta focused on military training, discipline, and obedience — and understand that a city-state was a city that ruled itself like a small country"},"needs":[{"concept":"ancient-life-vs-today","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"ancient-greece-and-rome-on-the-map","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"atoms-elements-and-compounds","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Atoms, Elements & Compounds"},"summary":{"en":"Explain the differences between atoms, elements, and compounds; describe the simple Bohr model of the atom (nucleus with protons and neutrons, electrons in shells); and write and interpret chemical symbols and simple formulae"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-particle-model","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"author-s-word-choices","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Author's word choices"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise how an author's deliberate choices — of words, structure, tone, and perspective — create particular effects on you as a reader"},"needs":[{"concept":"connecting-new-and-old-ideas","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"monitoring-comprehension","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"balanced-and-unbalanced-forces","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Balanced & Unbalanced Forces"},"summary":{"en":"Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence of the effects of balanced and unbalanced forces on the motion of an object"},"needs":[{"concept":"pushes-and-pulls","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"drawing-force-diagrams","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"friction-and-surfaces","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"balanced-diet-and-food-groups","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Balanced Diet & Food Groups"},"summary":{"en":"Know the main food groups (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, fibre, water) and understand that a balanced diet includes the right amounts from each group to keep the body healthy and provide energy, growth materials, and protection from illness"},"needs":[{"concept":"basic-body-needs","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"animal-nutrition","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"banks-and-saving","subject":"life-skills","names":{"en":"Banks & Saving"},"summary":{"en":"What banks do and why people use them; bank accounts as safe places for money; that savings in a bank can earn interest; children's savings accounts"},"needs":[{"concept":"looking-after-money","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"saving-money","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"bar-graphs","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Bar graphs"},"summary":{"en":"Interpret and present discrete and continuous data using appropriate graphical methods, including bar charts and time graphs"},"needs":[{"concept":"representing-numbers-with-objects-age-8","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"pictograms-and-tally-charts-age-6","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"bar-models-for-ratios","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Bar Models for Ratios"},"summary":{"en":"Represent ratio and proportion problems using bar models (rectangular strips divided into equal parts labelled with quantities) and tape diagrams (segmented strips showing part-to-part and part-to-whole relationships); use these visual models to set up and solve unequal sharing, scaling, and percentage problems — drawing the diagram first, then reading off the answer"},"needs":[],"ages":[9,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"basic-body-needs","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Basic Body Needs"},"summary":{"en":"Know that the body needs food for energy, water to stay hydrated, sleep to rest and grow, and exercise to keep muscles and the heart strong — and that these are basic needs every human body has"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-heart-and-blood","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"how-breathing-works","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"basic-digital-citizenship","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Basic digital citizenship"},"summary":{"en":"Understand basic digital citizenship — being kind online, protecting personal information, recognising that people behind screens are real people with real feelings, and knowing what to do if something online makes them uncomfortable"},"needs":[{"concept":"vocabulary-ethics-and-citizenship","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"understanding-bullying","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"everyday-safety-awareness","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"basic-informational-writing","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Basic Informational Writing"},"summary":{"en":"Compose informative or explanatory texts that introduce a topic, use facts and definitions to develop points, and provide a concluding statement or section"},"needs":[{"concept":"writing-craft-vocabulary","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"writing-to-inform","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"basic-nouns-and-verbs","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Basic Nouns & Verbs"},"summary":{"en":"Use frequently occurring nouns (people, places, things) and verbs (action words) appropriately in speech and writing"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"battle-of-hastings-and-1066","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Battle of Hastings and 1066"},"summary":{"en":"The events of 1066: the death of Edward the Confessor, three claimants to the throne, the Battle of Hastings, William the Conqueror, and the Bayeux Tapestry as a historical source"},"needs":[{"concept":"kings-and-queens","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"vikings-vs-anglo-saxons","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"evidence-from-the-past","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"bees-and-pollination","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Bees and pollination"},"summary":{"en":"Bees and pollination: how flowers and insects depend on each other. Bees visit flowers for nectar, pollen sticks to their bodies and transfers to the next flower. Without pollination many plants cannot make seeds or fruit. Why bees matter for the food we eat."},"needs":[{"concept":"social-insects-ants-and-bees","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"minibeasts-in-the-food-chain","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"being-a-good-seller","subject":"life-skills","names":{"en":"Being a Good Seller"},"summary":{"en":"Customer service, fairness, and honesty in business; keeping promises to customers; why being trustworthy matters for repeat business and reputation"},"needs":[{"concept":"making-something-to-sell","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"who-is-a-customer","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"bias-in-ai-systems","subject":"computing","names":{"en":"Bias in AI Systems"},"summary":{"en":"If training data is biased, AI will be biased; examples: facial recognition working better for some skin tones, translation assuming gender; where bias comes from and whether we can fix it"},"needs":[{"concept":"ai-mistakes-and-limitations","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"machine-learning-basics","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"binary-search","subject":"algorithms","names":{"en":"Binary search","hi":"बाइनरी सर्च"},"summary":{"en":"Find an item in a sorted list by halving where it could be, again and again.","hi":"क्रमबद्ध सूची में हर कदम पर खोज का दायरा आधा करके कोई चीज़ ढूँढना।"},"needs":[{"concept":"arrays","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"logarithms","strength":"soft"}]},{"id":"biodiversity","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Biodiversity"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that biodiversity — the variety of different species in an ecosystem — is essential for healthy ecosystems, and that keystone species (like wolves in Yellowstone, sea otters in kelp forests, or bees as pollinators) have an outsized impact on their ecosystem, so that losing one key species can cause a cascade of changes affecting many others"},"needs":[{"concept":"endangered-and-extinct-species","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"predator-hunting-strategies","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"structural-adaptations","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"symbiosis","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"the-world-of-minibeasts","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"biodiversity-and-resilience","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Biodiversity & Resilience"},"summary":{"en":"Explain what biodiversity means, why high biodiversity makes ecosystems more resilient, and describe the ways human activity threatens biodiversity (habitat destruction, pollution, invasive species, climate change)"},"needs":[{"concept":"species-distribution-and-change","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"food-webs-and-interdependence","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"birds-evolved-from-dinosaurs","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Birds Evolved from Dinosaurs"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that modern birds evolved from a group of small feathered theropod dinosaurs, using evidence such as the fossil Archaeopteryx, feathered dinosaur fossils from China, and shared skeletal features"},"needs":[{"concept":"how-animals-adapt-to-environments","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"dinosaur-hip-groups","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"blending-sounds-to-read-words","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Blending Sounds to Read Words"},"summary":{"en":"Apply phonic knowledge to blend sounds in unfamiliar words containing taught grapheme-phoneme correspondences; respond speedily to graphemes for all 40+ phonemes"},"needs":[{"concept":"single-letter-sounds","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"onsets-and-rimes","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[4,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"body-parts-and-senses","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Body Parts & Senses"},"summary":{"en":"Identify, name, and locate basic parts of the human body and associate each body part with its sense"},"needs":[{"concept":"animal-body-groups","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"body-temperature-regulation","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Body Temperature Regulation"},"summary":{"en":"Explain how the human body detects and responds to environmental changes including temperature, including the role of the skin in temperature regulation (sweating, shivering, vasodilation, vasoconstriction)"},"needs":[{"concept":"aerobic-respiration","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"bones-and-muscles","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Bones & Muscles"},"summary":{"en":"Know that the body has a skeleton made of bones inside it that gives the body its shape and protects important organs like the brain (skull) and heart (ribcage), and that muscles attached to bones allow the body to move"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"book-features-and-author-s-reasons","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Book Features and Author's Reasons"},"summary":{"en":"Identify front cover, back cover, and title page of a book; identify the reasons an author gives to support points in informational text"},"needs":[{"concept":"understanding-print","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"borrowing-and-debt","subject":"life-skills","names":{"en":"Borrowing & Debt"},"summary":{"en":"What borrowing money means; that loans must be repaid with interest; what credit is; why too much debt can be risky; responsible borrowing"},"needs":[{"concept":"budgeting-pocket-money","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"banks-and-saving","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"boudicca-s-revolt-against-rome","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Boudicca's Revolt Against Rome"},"summary":{"en":"Tell the story of Boudicca, queen of the Iceni tribe, who led a fierce revolt against Roman rule in Britain — burning Colchester, London, and St Albans — before her army was defeated, and understand her significance as a symbol of resistance against a powerful empire"},"needs":[{"concept":"roman-army-and-conquest-of-britain","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"brackets-and-dashes-for-parenthesis","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Brackets and dashes for parenthesis"},"summary":{"en":"Use brackets, dashes, and commas to indicate parenthesis — additional information inserted into a sentence that could be removed without changing the sentence's core meaning"},"needs":[{"concept":"punctuating-direct-speech","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"commas-in-lists","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"brackets-in-expressions","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Brackets in Expressions"},"summary":{"en":"Use parentheses, brackets, or braces in numerical expressions and evaluate expressions containing these grouping symbols"},"needs":[{"concept":"division-with-remainders","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"long-multiplication-age-10","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"brain-science-of-emotions","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Brain Science of Emotions"},"summary":{"en":"Understand how the amygdala triggers emotional responses and how the prefrontal cortex (still developing in adolescence) regulates them; explain why stress hormones (cortisol, adrenaline) affect thinking and memory; understand that the adolescent brain's dopamine system makes feelings more intense; distinguish between emotion regulation (managing feelings effectively) and emotion suppression (pushing feelings down, which is counterproductive); introduce cognitive reappraisal as a research-backed technique for changing how we interpret a situation"},"needs":[{"concept":"good-stress-and-bad-stress","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"emotions-and-decision-making","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"how-emotions-feel-in-your-body","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"brave-polar-explorers","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Brave Polar Explorers"},"summary":{"en":"Know simple stories of brave polar explorers — Robert Falcon Scott and Roald Amundsen who raced to the South Pole, and Ernest Shackleton whose ship Endurance was crushed by ice but who brought all his men home safely — and understand that polar exploration required incredible courage and endurance"},"needs":[{"concept":"where-are-the-poles","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"breaking-tasks-into-steps","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Breaking Tasks into Steps"},"summary":{"en":"Break a challenging task into smaller, manageable steps rather than feeling overwhelmed by the whole thing — and celebrate progress along the way"},"needs":[{"concept":"vocabulary-resilience-and-self","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"guided-multi-step-problem-solving","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"growth-mindset","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"budgeting-pocket-money","subject":"life-skills","names":{"en":"Budgeting Pocket Money"},"summary":{"en":"What a budget is; planning how to spend a fixed amount of pocket money or allowance; making trade-offs between different things you want to buy"},"needs":[{"concept":"needs-and-wants","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"buying-things","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"saving-money","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"building-a-simple-circuit","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Building a simple circuit"},"summary":{"en":"Construct a simple series electrical circuit, identifying and naming its basic parts: cells, wires, bulbs, switches, and buzzers"},"needs":[{"concept":"what-uses-electricity-at-home","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"building-an-energy-converting-device","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Building an energy-converting device"},"summary":{"en":"Apply scientific ideas to design, test, and refine a device that converts energy from one form to another"},"needs":[{"concept":"how-energy-travels-around","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"building-and-drawing-shapes","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Building & Drawing Shapes"},"summary":{"en":"Model shapes by building from components (e.g. sticks and clay balls) and by drawing"},"needs":[{"concept":"3-d-shapes-age-5","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"building-on-others-in-discussions","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Building on Others in Discussions"},"summary":{"en":"Pose and respond to specific questions in discussions, making comments that contribute to the discussion and elaborate on the remarks of others"},"needs":[{"concept":"asking-questions","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"building-sentences","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Building sentences"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that words combine to make sentences — a sentence expresses a complete thought; produce and expand complete sentences in speech and writing"},"needs":[],"ages":[4,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"building-shade-from-the-sun","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Building shade from the sun"},"summary":{"en":"Use tools and materials to design and build a structure that will reduce the warming effect of sunlight on an area, such as a shade or shelter"},"needs":[{"concept":"modelling-with-sketches","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"sunlight-warms-things-up","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"building-the-pyramids","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Building the Pyramids"},"summary":{"en":"Understand how the pyramids were built: thousands of workers moved enormous stone blocks using ramps, rollers, and sledges, the work was organised by the pharaoh's officials, and the design evolved from flat-topped mastabas to step pyramids (like Djoser's) to the smooth-sided Great Pyramid — and know that later pharaohs were buried in hidden rock-cut tombs in the Valley of the Kings"},"needs":[{"concept":"calculating-with-measurements","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"pyramids-and-the-great-sphinx","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"ancient-egypt-on-the-timeline","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"vocabulary-ancient-egypt","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"building-with-3-d-shapes","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Building with 3-D Shapes"},"summary":{"en":"Compose three-dimensional shapes (cubes, right rectangular prisms, right circular cones, right circular cylinders) and create composite shapes; build new shapes from component shapes"},"needs":[{"concept":"building-and-drawing-shapes","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"3-d-shapes","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"building-writing-stamina","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Building Writing Stamina"},"summary":{"en":"Write about real events and for different purposes, developing stamina for sustained writing across genres beyond narrative (e.g., recounts, letters, instructions)"},"needs":[{"concept":"joining-letters","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"expressing-feelings-with-words","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"writing-to-inform","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"simple-stories-with-beginning-and-ending","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"writing-process-vocabulary","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"bullet-point-punctuation","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Bullet Point Punctuation"},"summary":{"en":"Punctuate bullet points consistently to list information clearly, applying conventions for capitalisation, end punctuation, and parallel structure across items"},"needs":[{"concept":"commas-in-lists","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"colons-and-semicolons-in-lists","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"buyers-and-sellers","subject":"life-skills","names":{"en":"Buyers & Sellers"},"summary":{"en":"When someone makes or has something, they can sell it; when someone wants something, they can buy it; introduction to the concept of exchange and transactions"},"needs":[{"concept":"goods-and-services","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"what-money-is","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"buying-things","subject":"life-skills","names":{"en":"Buying Things"},"summary":{"en":"How buying and selling works: prices, paying for items, receiving change; the basic transaction process in shops and markets"},"needs":[{"concept":"coins-and-notes","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"what-money-is","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"bystanders-and-upstanders","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Bystanders and Upstanders"},"summary":{"en":"Understand the bystander role — that when someone witnesses unkind or unfair behaviour, they have a choice: they can be a passive bystander (doing nothing), join in, or be an upstander (speaking up or getting help) — and develop the confidence to be an upstander"},"needs":[{"concept":"vocabulary-ethics-and-citizenship","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"understanding-bullying","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"everyday-kindness-and-care","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"calculating-dietary-energy","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Calculating Dietary Energy"},"summary":{"en":"Calculate and evaluate energy intake and requirements in a healthy daily diet, interpreting food labels and nutritional data"},"needs":[{"concept":"nutrients-in-a-healthy-diet","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"calculating-percentages","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Calculating Percentages"},"summary":{"en":"Solve problems involving the calculation of percentages of amounts (e.g. 15% of 360) and the use of percentages for comparison"},"needs":[{"concept":"decimals-and-fractions-age-10","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"bar-models-for-ratios","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"percentages-age-9","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"decimal-place-value-2","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"calculating-simple-probability","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Calculating Simple Probability"},"summary":{"en":"Calculate the probability of a simple event with equally likely outcomes using the formula: probability = number of favourable outcomes ÷ total number of possible outcomes; express the result as a fraction in its simplest form; apply to rolling dice, drawing from bags, and other simple chance situations"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-0-to-1-probability-scale","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"equally-likely-outcomes","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"calculating-the-mean","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Calculating the Mean"},"summary":{"en":"Calculate and interpret the mean as an average of a data set"},"needs":[{"concept":"statistical-analysis-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"addition-and-subtraction-strategies-age-10","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"division-with-decimals","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"calculating-with-measurements","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Calculating with measurements"},"summary":{"en":"Measure, compare, add, and subtract lengths (m/cm/mm), mass (kg/g), and volume/capacity (l/ml) using standard units"},"needs":[{"concept":"comparing-and-ordering-measurements","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"choosing-measurement-units","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"camouflage-warning-colours-and-mimicry","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Camouflage, warning colours, and mimicry"},"summary":{"en":"Camouflage, warning colours, and mimicry: how insects survive by hiding or sending visual signals. Stick insects look like twigs, leaf insects look like leaves. Wasps have warning stripes; hoverflies mimic wasps but are harmless. The 'can you spot it?' challenge."},"needs":[{"concept":"the-insect-body-plan","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"cancer-and-stem-cells","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Cancer & Stem Cells"},"summary":{"en":"Explain that cancer occurs when mutations in DNA disable normal cell-cycle controls, causing uncontrolled cell division and tumour formation; describe how stem cells differ from specialised cells and their potential for regenerative medicine; and evaluate the ethical debates around embryonic stem cell research and genetic testing"},"needs":[{"concept":"dna-and-genes","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"parts-of-plant-and-animal-cells","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[13,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"capacity-and-volume","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Capacity and volume"},"summary":{"en":"Measure and begin to record capacity and volume using non-standard and standard units"},"needs":[{"concept":"comparing-capacity","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"capitals-for-names-days-and-i","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Capitals for Names, Days and I"},"summary":{"en":"Use capital letters for proper nouns (names of people, places) the days of the week, and the personal pronoun 'I'"},"needs":[{"concept":"starting-and-ending-sentences","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"caring-for-minibeasts","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Caring for minibeasts"},"summary":{"en":"Caring for minibeasts: observing minibeasts gently, handling them carefully, putting them back where you found them. Why minibeasts matter — they help gardens grow, break down dead leaves, and feed other animals."},"needs":[{"concept":"what-is-a-minibeast","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"minibeasts-in-the-food-chain","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"castle-design-through-the-ages","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Castle Design Through the Ages"},"summary":{"en":"How castles were built and evolved: from wooden motte-and-bailey to stone keeps to concentric castles; rooms and their uses; how castle design responded to new attack methods"},"needs":[{"concept":"battle-of-hastings-and-1066","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"what-is-a-castle","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"caterpillar-to-butterfly","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Caterpillar to butterfly"},"summary":{"en":"Caterpillar to butterfly: the life cycle of a butterfly as an observable transformation. Egg → caterpillar → chrysalis → butterfly. The idea that one creature can change its whole form. Classroom butterfly kits, The Very Hungry Caterpillar."},"needs":[{"concept":"what-is-a-minibeast","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"cells-tissues-and-organs","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Cells, Tissues & Organs"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that the body is organised in a hierarchy: tiny cells are the building blocks, groups of similar cells form tissues, tissues combine into organs (like the heart or stomach), and organs work together in organ systems (like the circulatory system)"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-heart-and-blood","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"the-brain-controls-the-body","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"how-breathing-works","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"cells-to-organ-systems","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Cells to Organ Systems"},"summary":{"en":"Describe the hierarchical organisation of multicellular organisms: cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organism"},"needs":[{"concept":"plant-cells-vs-animal-cells","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"cells-under-the-microscope","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Cells Under the Microscope"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that all living organisms are made of cells and use a light microscope to observe, interpret, and record cell structure"},"needs":[],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"ceramics-polymers-and-composites","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Ceramics, Polymers & Composites"},"summary":{"en":"Describe the properties and uses of ceramics (hard, brittle, heat-resistant), polymers (flexible, lightweight, variable), and composites (combine properties of constituent materials), giving real-world examples of each"},"needs":[{"concept":"metals-vs-non-metals","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[13,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"changes-and-separation-vocabulary","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Changes & Separation Vocabulary"},"summary":{"en":"Use process vocabulary for changes of state and material separation — dissolve, solution, soluble, insoluble, evaporate, condense, melt, freeze, filter, sieve, mixture, separate — and understand precisely what each term describes, including the important distinction between dissolving and melting"},"needs":[],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"changing-environments","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Changing Environments"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise that environments can change and that this can sometimes pose dangers and challenges to living things"},"needs":[{"concept":"habitats-and-basic-needs","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"simple-food-chains","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"habitat-vocabulary","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"changing-ideas-about-space","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Changing Ideas About Space"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that ideas about the solar system changed over time: ancient people believed Earth was at the centre (geocentric model, Ptolemy), until Copernicus proposed the Sun was at the centre (heliocentric model), later confirmed by Galileo’s telescope observations"},"needs":[{"concept":"earth-s-spin-and-orbit","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"changing-scientific-knowledge","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Changing Scientific Knowledge"},"summary":{"en":"Evaluate competing scientific explanations about dinosaurs by weighing fossil evidence — understanding that scientific knowledge changes as new fossils are discovered and new methods of analysis are developed"},"needs":[{"concept":"evidence-supporting-ideas","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"how-palaeontologists-work","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"palaeoart-and-speculation","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"dinosaurs-around-the-world","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"the-k-pg-extinction-event","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"birds-evolved-from-dinosaurs","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"changing-shapes-of-solids","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Changing Shapes of Solids"},"summary":{"en":"Investigate how the shapes of solid objects can be changed by squashing, bending, twisting, and stretching"},"needs":[{"concept":"describing-material-properties","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"changing-your-mind-with-evidence","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Changing Your Mind with Evidence"},"summary":{"en":"Be willing to change your mind when evidence doesn't support your prediction — a result that surprises you is more valuable than one that confirms what you already thought"},"needs":[{"concept":"observation-vs-interpretation","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"learning-from-mistakes","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[6,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"character-traits-and-motivation","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Character Traits and Motivation"},"summary":{"en":"Analyse character traits, motivations, and feelings using text evidence, and distinguish one's own point of view from that of the narrator or characters"},"needs":[{"concept":"inferring-characters-feelings-and-motives","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"characters-viewpoints-and-responses","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"characters-settings-and-events","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Characters, settings, and events"},"summary":{"en":"Identify characters, settings, and major events in stories; become familiar with key stories, fairy tales, and traditional tales and retell them with key details in sequence"},"needs":[{"concept":"listening-to-texts-read-aloud","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"characters-viewpoints-and-responses","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Characters' Viewpoints and Responses"},"summary":{"en":"Identify and compare characters' points of view, recognise who is narrating a story, describe how characters respond to events and challenges, and compare characters' experiences across different stories or versions of the same story"},"needs":[{"concept":"connecting-reading-to-experience","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"seeing-someone-else-s-point-of-view","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"comparing-characters-across-stories","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"retelling-stories-with-structure","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"checking-answers-by-rounding","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Checking Answers by Rounding"},"summary":{"en":"Use rounding to check answers to calculations and determine appropriate levels of accuracy in context"},"needs":[{"concept":"rounding-large-numbers","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"estimating-by-rounding","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"checking-sources-against-each-other","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Checking Sources Against Each Other"},"summary":{"en":"Corroborate: check whether multiple sources agree on the same facts — and investigate why they might not"},"needs":[{"concept":"different-accounts-of-the-same-event","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"describing-rules-and-patterns","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"questioning-historical-sources","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"vocabulary-historical-thinking","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"evidence-based-writing","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"checking-your-own-work","subject":"learning-to-learn","names":{"en":"Checking Your Own Work"},"summary":{"en":"After finishing a task, look back at what you did and ask yourself: does this seem right?"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"choosing-a-or-an","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Choosing A or An"},"summary":{"en":"Use the correct form of the indefinite article — 'a' before words beginning with a consonant sound and 'an' before words beginning with a vowel sound (e.g., a rock, an open box, an hour, a unicorn)"},"needs":[{"concept":"determiners-and-articles","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"basic-nouns-and-verbs","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"choosing-a-strategy","subject":"learning-to-learn","names":{"en":"Choosing a Strategy"},"summary":{"en":"Before starting a study task, choose a deliberate strategy; after finishing, evaluate honestly whether that strategy actually helped"},"needs":[{"concept":"trying-a-new-approach","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"guided-multi-step-problem-solving","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"multi-step-problem-solving","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"learning-from-mistakes","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"choosing-form-and-tone-for-your-audience","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Choosing Form and Tone for Your Audience"},"summary":{"en":"Identify the audience for and purpose of writing before beginning, selecting the appropriate form, tone, and register to match the intended reader and communicative goal"},"needs":[{"concept":"writing-craft-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"formal-and-informal-english","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"planning-ideas-before-writing","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"author-s-word-choices","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"planning-a-task","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"choosing-formal-vocabulary","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Choosing Formal Vocabulary"},"summary":{"en":"Distinguish between formal and informal vocabulary, selecting words appropriate for formal speech and writing such as 'discover' instead of 'find out' and 'request' instead of 'ask for'"},"needs":[{"concept":"formal-and-informal-english","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"choosing-mathematical-tools","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Choosing mathematical tools"},"summary":{"en":"Select and use appropriate tools and representations strategically: choose between mental, written, and diagrammatic methods; use calculators for checking; select fraction models suited to the task"},"needs":[{"concept":"equivalent-fractions-on-a-number-line","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"numbers-on-a-number-line-4","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"choosing-the-right-strategy","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"choosing-maths-tools","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Choosing Maths Tools"},"summary":{"en":"Select and use tools and representations strategically: choose between mental methods, formal written methods, algebraic approaches, coordinate grids, and technology based on the demands of the problem"},"needs":[{"concept":"choosing-representations-strategically","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"plotting-points-in-the-first-quadrant","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"division-with-remainders-age-10","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"choosing-measurement-units","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Choosing measurement units"},"summary":{"en":"Choose and use appropriate standard units to measure length (m/cm), mass (kg/g), temperature (°C), and capacity (litres/ml) to the nearest appropriate unit"},"needs":[{"concept":"capacity-and-volume","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"measuring-length-and-height-age-5","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"measuring-mass-and-weight","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"choosing-representations-strategically","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Choosing representations strategically"},"summary":{"en":"Select and use tools and representations strategically: choose between mental methods, formal written methods, protractors, fraction strips, and diagrams based on the demands of the problem"},"needs":[{"concept":"measuring-angles","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"choosing-mathematical-tools","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"adding-fractions-different-denominators","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"choosing-tenses-for-precise-meaning","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Choosing Tenses for Precise Meaning"},"summary":{"en":"Use verb tense to convey various times, sequences, states, and conditions, selecting tenses deliberately to express the precise timing and nature of actions and events"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-present-perfect-tense","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"progressive-and-continuous-tenses","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"choosing-the-right-coping-strategy","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Choosing the Right Coping Strategy"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that different situations require different coping strategies — what works for anger might not work for sadness, and what helps at school might be different from what helps at home"},"needs":[{"concept":"vocabulary-resilience-and-self","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"simple-calming-strategies","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"how-emotions-feel-in-your-body","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"choosing-the-right-material","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Choosing the Right Material"},"summary":{"en":"Identify and compare the suitability of everyday materials for particular uses, explaining why specific materials are chosen for specific purposes"},"needs":[{"concept":"material-properties-vocabulary","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"grouping-materials","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"choosing-the-right-strategy","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Choosing the right strategy"},"summary":{"en":"Select and use appropriate tools and representations strategically, including choosing between mental methods, jottings, formal algorithms, and calculators for arithmetic with multi-digit numbers, decimals, and fractions"},"needs":[{"concept":"measuring-length-age-7","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"adding-and-subtracting-age-7","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"numbers-on-a-number-line-3","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"chromosomes-genes-and-dna","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Chromosomes, Genes & DNA"},"summary":{"en":"Describe the relationship between chromosomes, genes, and DNA in heredity, including the double helix structure of DNA and the historical roles of Watson, Crick, Franklin, and Wilkins"},"needs":[{"concept":"cells-under-the-microscope","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"circles-circumference-and-area","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Circles: Circumference & Area"},"summary":{"en":"Calculate the circumference and area of circles using the formulae C = πd (or 2πr) and A = πr², and solve problems involving perimeters and areas of composite shapes that include circular parts"},"needs":[{"concept":"angles-in-triangles-age-11","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"parts-of-a-circle","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"circuit-vocabulary","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Circuit vocabulary"},"summary":{"en":"Use technical vocabulary for electrical circuits — circuit, component, cell, battery, current, voltage, resistance, conductor, insulator, switch, series circuit, parallel circuit — and apply these when describing, drawing, and designing working circuits"},"needs":[],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"circulation-and-breathing-together","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Circulation & Breathing Together"},"summary":{"en":"Understand how the circulatory and respiratory systems work together: the lungs oxygenate the blood, the heart pumps it around the body, cells use the oxygen and produce carbon dioxide waste, and the blood carries the waste back to the lungs to be breathed out"},"needs":[{"concept":"heart-and-blood-circulation","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"how-the-lungs-work","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"classification-keys","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Classification Keys"},"summary":{"en":"Explore and use classification keys to identify, group, and name living things in local and wider environments"},"needs":[{"concept":"animal-classification-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"grouping-living-things","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"sorting-and-identifying-minibeasts","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"classifying-living-things","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Classifying living things"},"summary":{"en":"Gather, record, classify, and present data in a variety of ways including tables, bar charts, labelled diagrams, and keys"},"needs":[{"concept":"pictograms-and-tally-charts","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"measuring-accurately","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"recording-data","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"classifying-living-things-age-9","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Classifying living things (age 9+)"},"summary":{"en":"Record data and results of increasing complexity using scientific diagrams, classification keys, tables, scatter graphs, bar and line graphs"},"needs":[{"concept":"classifying-living-things","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"bar-graphs","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"classifying-materials","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Classifying Materials"},"summary":{"en":"Plan and conduct an investigation to classify different kinds of materials by their observable properties"},"needs":[{"concept":"grouping-materials","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"classifying-ocean-animals","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Classifying Ocean Animals"},"summary":{"en":"Classify ocean animals into major groups: fish (breathe through gills, have scales), marine mammals (breathe air, warm-blooded, feed milk), and invertebrates (no backbone — jellyfish, octopuses, crabs, starfish)"},"needs":[{"concept":"whales-and-dolphins-are-mammals","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"ocean-animal-variety","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"classifying-organisms","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Classifying Organisms"},"summary":{"en":"Describe how living things are classified into broad groups (micro-organisms, plants, animals) according to common observable characteristics, similarities, and differences"},"needs":[{"concept":"grouping-living-things","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"classification-keys","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"classifying-rainforest-organisms","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Classifying Rainforest Organisms"},"summary":{"en":"Classify rainforest organisms into major groups — mammals (jaguars, monkeys, bats), birds (toucans, macaws, hummingbirds), reptiles (snakes, lizards, caimans), amphibians (tree frogs, poison dart frogs), insects (butterflies, ants, beetles), and plants (trees, epiphytes, ferns) — using observable features to sort them"},"needs":[{"concept":"rainforest-plants","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"rainforest-animals-science","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"classifying-shapes-by-line-properties","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Classifying shapes by line properties"},"summary":{"en":"Classify two-dimensional figures based on the presence or absence of parallel or perpendicular lines, or angles of a specified size; recognise right triangles as a category"},"needs":[{"concept":"lines-rays-and-angles","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"understanding-angles-age-8","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"classifying-shapes-by-properties","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Classifying shapes by properties"},"summary":{"en":"Compare and classify geometric shapes based on their properties and sizes; understand that attributes belonging to a category also belong to all subcategories; classify two-dimensional figures in a hierarchy based on properties"},"needs":[{"concept":"regular-and-irregular-polygons","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"classifying-shapes-by-line-properties","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"cleopatra-and-the-end-of-egypt","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Cleopatra and the End of Egypt"},"summary":{"en":"Know that ancient Egypt eventually came to an end: the last pharaoh was Cleopatra VII, who allied with Rome but was defeated by Octavian (later Augustus) in 31 BCE, after which Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire — ending over 3,000 years of pharaonic rule and beginning a new chapter in Egypt's history"},"needs":[{"concept":"egyptian-trade-and-economy","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"the-pharaoh-as-living-god","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"ancient-egypt-on-the-timeline","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"roman-republic-and-empire","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"climate-change-at-the-poles","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Climate Change at the Poles"},"summary":{"en":"Understand how climate change is affecting polar regions — Arctic sea ice is shrinking dramatically (losing about 13% per decade since 1979), the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets are losing mass and contributing to sea level rise, permafrost is thawing and releasing methane (a powerful greenhouse gas), and these changes create positive feedback loops where melting leads to more warming which leads to more melting"},"needs":[{"concept":"glaciers-and-ice-sheets","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"climate-change-basics","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"polar-oceans-and-world-climate","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"the-arctic-tundra","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"climate-change-basics","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Climate Change Basics"},"summary":{"en":"Understand the basics of climate change: Earth’s atmosphere traps some of the Sun's heat (the greenhouse effect), burning fossil fuels adds extra greenhouse gases (especially CO₂), this is making Earth gradually warmer, and this warming changes weather patterns, melts ice, and raises sea levels"},"needs":[{"concept":"weather-vs-climate-science","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"the-atmosphere","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"oceans-and-climate","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"climate-zones","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"natural-resources","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"sun-driven-weather-systems","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"climate-zones","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Climate Zones"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that Earth has distinct climate zones — tropical (hot and wet near the equator), temperate (moderate, with four seasons), polar (freezing cold), arid/desert (very dry), and mountain (cold at high altitude) — and that each zone supports different ecosystems and ways of life"},"needs":[{"concept":"weather-vs-climate-science","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"geography-and-local-weather","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"sun-driven-weather-systems","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"cloud-types","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Cloud Types"},"summary":{"en":"Identify the three main cloud types — cumulus (fluffy, fair weather), stratus (flat layers, overcast or drizzle), and cirrus (thin wisps, high up) — and understand that clouds form when water vapour in the air cools and condenses into tiny droplets"},"needs":[{"concept":"rain-and-puddles","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"coasts-and-beaches","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Coasts & Beaches"},"summary":{"en":"Know what a coast or beach is — the place where land meets the ocean — and that different coasts can be sandy, rocky, or muddy, each with different plants and animals"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"cohesion-and-transitions-across-writing","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Cohesion and Transitions Across Writing"},"summary":{"en":"Use varied transitions, cohesive devices, and paragraph-linking strategies to create coherence across a whole piece of writing — including temporal transitions, causal connectives, and techniques for signalling shifts in argument, time, or setting"},"needs":[{"concept":"cohesion-within-paragraphs","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"paragraph-cohesion","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"linking-paragraphs-with-adverbials","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"cohesion-within-paragraphs","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Cohesion within paragraphs"},"summary":{"en":"Use cohesive devices within a paragraph — including pronouns, adverbials (then, after that, firstly), and synonyms — to link sentences and build a coherent flow of ideas"},"needs":[{"concept":"pronouns-for-clarity","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"organising-writing-into-paragraphs","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"coin-values","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Coin Values"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise and know the value of different coins and notes"},"needs":[{"concept":"reading-and-writing-numbers-to-20","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"coins-and-notes","subject":"life-skills","names":{"en":"Coins & Notes"},"summary":{"en":"Recognising common coins and notes, knowing their values, and understanding that different combinations can make the same amount"},"needs":[{"concept":"coin-values","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"what-money-is","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"cold-weather-adaptations","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Cold-Weather Adaptations"},"summary":{"en":"Understand how polar animals are adapted to survive extreme cold — blubber (thick fat layer) insulates seals and whales, hollow fur traps air for warmth in polar bears, counter-current heat exchange in penguin flippers prevents heat loss, Arctic foxes grow thick white winter coats for camouflage and warmth, and some animals migrate to avoid the harshest months"},"needs":[{"concept":"polar-animals-science","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"polar-bears","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"collecting-like-terms","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Collecting Like Terms"},"summary":{"en":"Simplify algebraic expressions by collecting like terms — combine terms with the same variable and power (e.g., 3a + 2b + 5a = 8a + 2b) while maintaining equivalence"},"needs":[{"concept":"expressions-and-equations-vocabulary","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"colons-and-semicolons-in-lists","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Colons and Semicolons in Lists"},"summary":{"en":"Use a colon to introduce a list and semi-colons to separate items within lists, particularly when list items contain internal commas or are complex phrases"},"needs":[{"concept":"commas-in-lists","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"combining-information-from-texts","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Combining information from texts"},"summary":{"en":"Integrate information from two texts on the same topic in order to write or speak about the subject knowledgeably, combining and comparing what each source contributes"},"needs":[{"concept":"connecting-ideas-in-texts","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"combining-simple-shapes","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Combining Simple Shapes"},"summary":{"en":"Compose simple shapes to form larger shapes (e.g. two triangles make a rectangle)"},"needs":[{"concept":"2-d-shapes","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"3-d-shapes-age-5","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"commas-after-introductory-elements","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Commas After Introductory Elements"},"summary":{"en":"Use a comma to separate an introductory element from the rest of the sentence, including introductory words, phrases, and clauses"},"needs":[{"concept":"fronted-adverbials-and-commas","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"commas-in-lists","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"commas-before-joining-words","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Commas Before Joining Words"},"summary":{"en":"Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, so, yet) when joining two independent clauses in a compound sentence"},"needs":[{"concept":"commas-in-lists","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"subordinate-clauses","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"commas-in-lists","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Commas in lists"},"summary":{"en":"Use commas to separate items in a list within a sentence (e.g., 'I bought apples, bananas, and oranges')"},"needs":[{"concept":"building-sentences","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"starting-and-ending-sentences","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"commas-to-avoid-ambiguity","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Commas to avoid ambiguity"},"summary":{"en":"Use commas to clarify meaning and avoid ambiguity in sentences where the absence of a comma could cause misreading"},"needs":[{"concept":"fronted-adverbials-and-commas","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"commas-in-lists","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"commas-with-yes-no-and-names","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Commas with yes, no, and names"},"summary":{"en":"Use commas to set off the words yes and no, to set off tag questions, and to indicate direct address in sentences"},"needs":[{"concept":"punctuating-direct-speech","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"commas-in-lists","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"four-types-of-sentences","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"common-minibeasts-naming-and-recognising","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Common minibeasts: naming and recognising"},"summary":{"en":"Recognising and naming common minibeasts: ladybird, ant, bee, butterfly, spider, snail, worm, woodlouse, caterpillar, beetle. Building positive attitudes toward all minibeasts, not just the 'pretty' ones."},"needs":[{"concept":"what-is-a-minibeast","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"common-plants-and-trees","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Common Plants & Trees"},"summary":{"en":"Identify and name common wild and garden plants, including deciduous and evergreen trees"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"communication-vocabulary","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Communication Vocabulary"},"summary":{"en":"Know and use the vocabulary of healthy communication and conflict — assertive, passive, aggressive, compromise, conflict, resolution, mediate, bystander, upstander, and peer pressure — and understand the difference between these contrasting approaches"},"needs":[],"ages":[7,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"communication-with-light-and-sound","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Communication with Light & Sound"},"summary":{"en":"Design and build a device that uses light or sound to solve the problem of communicating over a distance"},"needs":[{"concept":"light-and-seeing-in-the-dark","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"communities-protecting-resources","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Communities Protecting Resources"},"summary":{"en":"Obtain and combine information about ways individual communities use science ideas to protect the Earth's resources and environment"},"needs":[{"concept":"reducing-human-impact","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"natural-resources","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"human-impact-on-environments","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"community-rights-and-responsibilities","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Community Rights and Responsibilities"},"summary":{"en":"Understand their rights and responsibilities as a member of a community — that everyone has a right to be treated with respect and to feel safe, and that with rights come responsibilities to treat others the same way"},"needs":[{"concept":"vocabulary-ethics-and-citizenship","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"rules-and-agreements-exist","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"commutative-multiplication","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Commutative Multiplication"},"summary":{"en":"Understand and apply the commutative property of multiplication and recognise that division is not commutative"},"needs":[{"concept":"arrays-for-multiplication","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"multiplication-as-repeated-addition","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"comparatives-and-superlatives","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Comparatives & Superlatives"},"summary":{"en":"Form and use comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs, choosing correctly between them"},"needs":[{"concept":"adjectives-vs-adverbs","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"comparing-and-ordering-measurements","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Comparing and ordering measurements"},"summary":{"en":"Compare and order lengths, mass, and capacity and record results using >, <, and ="},"needs":[{"concept":"choosing-measurement-units","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"comparing-and-ordering-numbers","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"comparing-and-ordering-numbers","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Comparing and ordering numbers"},"summary":{"en":"Compare and order two-digit numbers using the symbols >, =, and <, based on place value understanding"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-two-digits-of-a-two-digit-number","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"two-written-numerals-between-1-and-10","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"comparing-arctic-and-antarctic","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Comparing Arctic & Antarctic"},"summary":{"en":"Compare the Arctic and Antarctic in detail — the Arctic is an ocean covered by floating sea ice with surrounding land masses (Canada, Russia, Greenland, Scandinavia), while Antarctica is a continent larger than Europe buried under ice up to 4 km thick; polar bears, Arctic foxes, and walruses live only in the Arctic while penguins, leopard seals, and albatrosses are found only in the Antarctic"},"needs":[{"concept":"polar-animals-science","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"arctic-vs-antarctic","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"comparing-books","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Comparing Books"},"summary":{"en":"Make comparisons within and across books, identifying similarities and differences in themes, characters, settings, and authorial choices across multiple texts"},"needs":[{"concept":"recommending-books","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"themes-and-messages","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"comparing-capacity","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Comparing Capacity"},"summary":{"en":"Compare and describe capacity and volume using language such as full, empty, more than, less than, half full"},"needs":[{"concept":"measurable-attributes-of-objects","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[4,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"comparing-characters-across-stories","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Comparing Characters Across Stories"},"summary":{"en":"Compare and contrast the adventures and experiences of characters in familiar stories; identify similarities and differences between two texts on the same topic"},"needs":[{"concept":"connecting-new-and-old-ideas","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"main-topic-of-informational-texts","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"feelings-change-and-differ","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"characters-settings-and-events","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"spotting-patterns","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"comparing-characters-settings-and-events","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Comparing Characters, Settings and Events"},"summary":{"en":"Compare and contrast two or more characters, settings, or events in a story or drama, drawing on specific details about how characters interact, settings influence action, or events connect"},"needs":[{"concept":"in-depth-character-and-setting-analysis","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"comparing-decimals","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Comparing Decimals"},"summary":{"en":"Compare two decimals to hundredths (or up to three decimal places) by reasoning about size using place-value understanding; record with >, =, <"},"needs":[{"concept":"decimal-place-value-age-8","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"tenths-age-9","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"comparing-design-solutions","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Comparing Design Solutions"},"summary":{"en":"Analyse data from tests of two objects designed to solve the same problem to compare the strengths and weaknesses of each design"},"needs":[{"concept":"modelling-with-sketches","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"recording-data","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"comparing-durations","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Comparing durations"},"summary":{"en":"Use comparative language for time: quicker, slower, earlier, later"},"needs":[],"ages":[4,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"comparing-fractions","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Comparing fractions"},"summary":{"en":"Compare and order unit fractions, and fractions with the same denominator"},"needs":[{"concept":"decomposing-a-shape-into-more-equal-shares","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"fractions-on-a-number-line","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"comparing-fractions-age-10","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Comparing fractions (age 10+)"},"summary":{"en":"Compare and order fractions including fractions greater than 1, by converting to common denominators or using benchmarks"},"needs":[{"concept":"simplifying-fractions","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"comparing-fractions-age-9","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"comparing-fractions-age-7","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Comparing fractions (age 7+)"},"summary":{"en":"Solve problems involving counting in tenths, fractions of quantities, equivalence, fraction addition/subtraction, and fraction comparison"},"needs":[{"concept":"simple-fraction-sums","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"comparing-fractions","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"unit-fractions","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"comparing-fractions-age-8","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Comparing fractions (age 8+)"},"summary":{"en":"Compare two fractions with the same numerator or the same denominator by reasoning about size; record comparisons with >, =, or < symbols"},"needs":[{"concept":"comparing-fractions","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"fractions-of-a-whole","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"comparing-fractions-age-9","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Comparing fractions (age 9+)"},"summary":{"en":"Compare and order fractions with different numerators and denominators by creating common denominators/numerators or comparing to a benchmark such as 1/2; justify conclusions with visual models"},"needs":[{"concept":"equivalent-fractions-age-9","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"comparing-fractions-age-8","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"comparing-groups-more-or-fewer","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Comparing groups: more or fewer"},"summary":{"en":"Compare two groups of objects to determine which has more, fewer, or whether they are equal, using matching and counting strategies"},"needs":[{"concept":"counting-objects-to-20","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[4,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"comparing-large-numbers","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Comparing Large Numbers"},"summary":{"en":"Order and compare numbers beyond 1000"},"needs":[{"concept":"ordering-numbers-to-1000","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"place-value-of-each-digit","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"numbers-to-10-000","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"comparing-lengths-and-heights","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Comparing Lengths & Heights"},"summary":{"en":"Compare two objects directly by length or height and describe the difference using language such as long, short, tall, longer, shorter, taller, double, half"},"needs":[{"concept":"measurable-attributes-of-objects","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[4,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"comparing-lengths-by-measuring","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Comparing lengths by measuring"},"summary":{"en":"Measure to determine how much longer one object is than another, expressing the length difference in terms of a standard length unit"},"needs":[{"concept":"measuring-length-age-7","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"measuring-length","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"comparing-measurements","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Comparing measurements"},"summary":{"en":"Describe, interpret, and compare distributions of a single variable using appropriate measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) and spread (range), including the effect of outliers"},"needs":[{"concept":"calculating-the-mean","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"pictograms-and-tally-charts-age-11","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"statistical-analysis-vocabulary","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"comparing-possible-solutions","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Comparing Possible Solutions"},"summary":{"en":"Generate and compare multiple possible solutions to a problem based on how well each is likely to meet the criteria and constraints"},"needs":[{"concept":"simple-design-problems","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"comparing-structure-in-information-texts","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Comparing Structure in Information Texts"},"summary":{"en":"Compare and contrast the overall structure of events, ideas, concepts, or information in two or more informational texts, identifying patterns such as chronology, comparison, cause/effect, or problem/solution"},"needs":[{"concept":"structure-of-information-texts","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"comparing-time-durations","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Comparing Time Durations"},"summary":{"en":"Compare durations of events and calculate the time taken by particular events or tasks"},"needs":[{"concept":"estimating-answers-age-7","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"time-units-and-calendar-facts","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"complementary-events","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Complementary events"},"summary":{"en":"Understand and apply the rule that probabilities of all mutually exclusive outcomes sum to one; use this to find the probability of a complementary event (P(not A) = 1 − P(A))"},"needs":[{"concept":"probabilities-sum-to-one","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"the-probability-scale","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"complex-multi-step-problems","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Complex Multi-Step Problems"},"summary":{"en":"Make sense of complex multi-step problems involving large numbers, fractions, decimals, and percentages by analysing what is known and unknown, planning multi-step strategies, and evaluating reasonableness through estimation and inverse operations"},"needs":[{"concept":"percentage-and-decimal-equivalents","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"division-with-remainders","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"choosing-a-strategy","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"multi-step-problem-solving-maths","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"composing-shapes","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Composing Shapes"},"summary":{"en":"Compose two-dimensional shapes (rectangles, squares, trapezoids, triangles, half-circles, quarter-circles) to create composite shapes, and compose new shapes from the composite shape"},"needs":[{"concept":"2-d-shapes","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"combining-simple-shapes","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"compound-units","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Compound Units"},"summary":{"en":"Use compound units such as speed (distance ÷ time), unit pricing (cost ÷ quantity), and density (mass ÷ volume); solve problems involving compound units"},"needs":[{"concept":"simple-formulae","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"proportion","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"proportional-reasoning-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"proportion-graphs","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"unit-conversions","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"compound-words","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Compound Words"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise and spell compound words by identifying the two component words that combine to form a single word"},"needs":[{"concept":"blending-sounds-to-read-words","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"syllables","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"computers-in-everyday-life","subject":"computing","names":{"en":"Computers in Everyday Life"},"summary":{"en":"Identifying computers in everyday life — not just laptops but phones, tablets, smart speakers, traffic lights, washing machines; what makes something a computer"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"conduction-convection-and-radiation","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Conduction, convection, and radiation"},"summary":{"en":"Describe and compare the three mechanisms of heat transfer — conduction (particle vibration through solids), convection (fluid movement in liquids/gases), and radiation (infrared waves) — and explain that the rate of transfer depends on temperature difference"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-particle-model","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"energy-stores-and-transfers","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"conductors-and-insulators","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Conductors and insulators"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise some common conductors and insulators, and associate metals with being good conductors of electricity"},"needs":[{"concept":"building-a-simple-circuit","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"conjunctions-prepositions-and-interjections","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Conjunctions, Prepositions and Interjections"},"summary":{"en":"Explain the function of conjunctions, prepositions, and interjections in general and in particular sentences, understanding how each word class contributes to meaning"},"needs":[{"concept":"expressing-time-place-and-cause","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"prepositions","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"subordinate-clauses","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"connecting-ideas-in-texts","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Connecting Ideas in Texts"},"summary":{"en":"Describe connections between events, ideas, or concepts in informational text using time, sequence, cause-and-effect, and comparison language, and identify logical connections between sentences and paragraphs"},"needs":[{"concept":"main-topic-of-informational-texts","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"main-topic-and-key-details","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"representing-numbers-with-objects-age-8","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"connecting-maths-to-real-life","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Connecting maths to real life"},"summary":{"en":"Represent real-world problems with number sentences, bar models, or diagrams, and interpret the mathematical result back in context"},"needs":[{"concept":"sorting-into-categories-age-6","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"unknown-in-addition-and-subtraction","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"using-objects-to-model-real-problems","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"connecting-new-and-old-ideas","subject":"learning-to-learn","names":{"en":"Connecting New & Old Ideas"},"summary":{"en":"Look for connections between new ideas and things you already know — how does this fit with what I've learned before?"},"needs":[{"concept":"thinking-before-starting","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"connecting-reading-to-experience","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Connecting reading to experience"},"summary":{"en":"Link what is read or heard to own experiences; draw on background knowledge and vocabulary to support understanding of texts"},"needs":[{"concept":"thinking-before-starting","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"listening-to-texts-read-aloud","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"reading-for-meaning","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"connecting-representations","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Connecting Representations"},"summary":{"en":"Move between real-world situations, drawings, and number sentences, explaining how each representation connects to the others (quantitative reasoning)"},"needs":[{"concept":"reading-and-symbols","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"inverse-addition-undoes-subtraction","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"real-world-to-maths-connections","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"conservation-of-mass","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Conservation of Mass"},"summary":{"en":"Measure and provide evidence that the total weight of matter is conserved regardless of the type of change (heating, cooling, or mixing)"},"needs":[{"concept":"irreversible-changes","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"reversible-changes","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"matter-is-made-of-particles","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"consistent-verb-tense","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Consistent verb tense"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise and correct inappropriate shifts in verb tense within and across sentences and paragraphs, maintaining consistency unless a shift is required by meaning"},"needs":[{"concept":"progressive-and-continuous-tenses","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"choosing-tenses-for-precise-meaning","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"simple-past-present-and-future","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"consonant-digraphs","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Consonant Digraphs"},"summary":{"en":"Read and spell words containing consonant digraphs and less common consonant spellings (ch, sh, th, ck, tch, ng, ph, wh, k for /k/)"},"needs":[{"concept":"single-letter-sounds","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[4,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"constructing-mathematical-arguments","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Constructing mathematical arguments"},"summary":{"en":"Construct and present logical mathematical arguments involving multiple steps and formal reasoning; critique others' reasoning about fractions, algebra, ratio, or geometry and clearly explain errors or alternative approaches"},"needs":[{"concept":"understanding-fractions-age-9-maths","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"angles-in-triangles-age-10","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"multiplication-as-scaling","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"contact-and-non-contact-forces","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Contact & Non-Contact Forces"},"summary":{"en":"Notice that some forces need contact between two objects (contact forces) while magnetic forces can act at a distance (non-contact forces)"},"needs":[{"concept":"forces-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"drawing-force-diagrams","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"friction-and-surfaces","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"controlling-variables","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Controlling variables"},"summary":{"en":"Plan different types of scientific enquiries to answer questions, recognising and controlling variables where necessary"},"needs":[{"concept":"using-evidence-to-answer-questions","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"fair-testing-age-8","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"choosing-a-strategy","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"fair-testing","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"planning-a-task","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"controlling-variables-age-11","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Controlling variables (age 11+)"},"summary":{"en":"Form a testable scientific hypothesis linking an independent variable to a predicted outcome, plan a full investigation identifying independent, dependent, and control variables, sample size, and risk assessment"},"needs":[{"concept":"controlling-variables","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"planning-a-task","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"structured-opinion-writing","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"converting-measurement-units","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Converting measurement units"},"summary":{"en":"Convert between different units of measure (e.g. kilometre to metre, hour to minute, minute to second, year to month, week to day)"},"needs":[{"concept":"calculating-with-measurements","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"time-units-and-calendar-facts","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"converting-measurement-units-age-9","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Converting measurement units (age 9+)"},"summary":{"en":"Know relative sizes of measurement units within one system (km/m/cm/mm, kg/g, l/ml, hr/min/sec); convert between different metric units and express measurements in terms of a smaller unit; record equivalents in conversion tables"},"needs":[{"concept":"converting-measurement-units","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"multiplying-and-dividing","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"converting-tenths-to-hundredths","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Converting tenths to hundredths"},"summary":{"en":"Express a fraction with denominator 10 as an equivalent fraction with denominator 100 and use this to add fractions with denominators 10 and 100 (e.g. 3/10 + 4/100 = 34/100)"},"needs":[{"concept":"tenths-age-8","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"equivalent-fractions-age-9","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"converting-words-into-verbs","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Converting Words into Verbs"},"summary":{"en":"Convert nouns and adjectives into verbs by adding suffixes -ate, -ise (-ize), and -ify, understanding how word class changes affect sentence construction"},"needs":[{"concept":"suffixes-age-7","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"basic-nouns-and-verbs","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"coordinate-transformations","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Coordinate Transformations"},"summary":{"en":"Identify properties of translations, rotations, and reflections; describe and perform these transformations on given figures, and understand that the image is congruent to the original"},"needs":[{"concept":"coordinates-age-11","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"translating-and-reflecting-shapes","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"coordinates-age-10","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Coordinates (age 10+)"},"summary":{"en":"Describe positions on the full coordinate grid (all four quadrants); use coordinates with negative values"},"needs":[{"concept":"coordinates-age-8","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"measuring-temperature","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"transformations-on-a-grid","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"plotting-points-in-the-first-quadrant","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"coordinates-age-11","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Coordinates (age 11+)"},"summary":{"en":"Plot and read coordinates in all four quadrants of the Cartesian plane, using positive and negative x- and y-values to describe positions precisely"},"needs":[{"concept":"coordinates-age-8","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"coordinates-age-10","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"fractions-on-a-number-line-age-11","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"coordinates-age-12","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Coordinates (age 12+)"},"summary":{"en":"Understand similarity as a relationship where one shape is an enlargement of another; construct similar shapes by enlargement with a given scale factor and centre, with and without coordinate grids"},"needs":[{"concept":"scale-and-similar-shapes","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"coordinate-transformations","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"ratio-notation","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"coordinates-age-8","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Coordinates (age 8+)"},"summary":{"en":"Plot specified points on a coordinate grid and draw sides to complete a given polygon"},"needs":[{"concept":"first-quadrant-coordinates","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"understanding-angles-age-8","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"coping-with-life-changes","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Coping with Life Changes"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that change is a normal part of life — such as starting school, getting a new teacher, a new baby arriving, or moving house — and identify simple strategies that help them cope with changes"},"needs":[{"concept":"words-for-big-feelings","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"coral-bleaching-and-acidification","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Coral Bleaching & Acidification"},"summary":{"en":"Explain the mutualistic symbiosis between coral polyps and photosynthetic zooxanthellae; describe how heat stress causes bleaching (corals expel zooxanthellae and turn white); explain ocean acidification chemistry: CO2 dissolves in seawater to form carbonic acid, lowering pH and dissolving calcium carbonate skeletons; connect reef loss to the collapse of habitat for ~25% of marine species; evaluate current reef restoration efforts"},"needs":[{"concept":"ocean-currents-and-global-heat","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"predator-loss-and-ecosystem-effects","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"ocean-ecosystems","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"coral-reefs","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Coral Reefs"},"summary":{"en":"Know that coral reefs are built by tiny living animals called coral polyps, that reefs are home to more species than almost any other ocean habitat, and that they are sometimes called the 'rainforests of the sea'"},"needs":[{"concept":"what-ocean-animals-need","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"rock-pool-habitats","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"ocean-animal-variety","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"correlation-vs-causation","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Correlation vs Causation"},"summary":{"en":"Two things happening together doesn't mean one caused the other — recognise the difference between correlation and causation before drawing conclusions"},"needs":[{"concept":"describing-rules-and-patterns","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"could-there-be-another-explanation","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"correlative-conjunctions","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Correlative Conjunctions"},"summary":{"en":"Use correlative conjunctions correctly in sentences, pairing words such as either/or, neither/nor, both/and, not only/but also, and whether/or"},"needs":[{"concept":"subordinate-clauses","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"costs-and-revenue","subject":"life-skills","names":{"en":"Costs & Revenue"},"summary":{"en":"It costs money to make things (costs/expenses); you earn money by selling them (revenue); if revenue is more than costs, that's profit; if costs are more, that's a loss"},"needs":[{"concept":"making-change","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"making-a-simple-plan","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"buyers-and-sellers","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"could-there-be-another-explanation","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Could there be another explanation?"},"summary":{"en":"For any result, ask: is there another explanation? — the first explanation that fits isn't always the right one, and good scientists actively look for alternatives"},"needs":[{"concept":"changing-your-mind-with-evidence","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"understanding-why","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"counting-forwards-and-backwards","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Counting forwards and backwards"},"summary":{"en":"Count forwards and backwards in steps of 3 from 0"},"needs":[{"concept":"counting-in-2s","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"counting-forwards-and-backwards-age-6","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Counting forwards and backwards (age 6+)"},"summary":{"en":"Count forwards and backwards in tens from any number (not just multiples of 10)"},"needs":[{"concept":"counting-in-2s","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"the-two-digits-of-a-two-digit-number","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"counting-forwards-and-backwards-age-9","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Counting forwards and backwards (age 9+)"},"summary":{"en":"Count forwards and backwards in steps of powers of 10 (10, 100, 1000, 10,000, 100,000) for any given number up to 1,000,000"},"needs":[{"concept":"1000-more-or-less","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"place-value-10-pattern","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"counting-in-2s","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Counting in 2s"},"summary":{"en":"Count in multiples of 2, 5, and 10 (skip counting)"},"needs":[{"concept":"rote-counting-to-100","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"counting-in-6s","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Counting in 6s"},"summary":{"en":"Count in multiples of 6, 7, 9, 25, and 1000"},"needs":[{"concept":"skip-counting-4s-8s-50s-100s","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"counting-objects-to-20","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Counting objects to 20"},"summary":{"en":"Count a set of objects to answer 'how many?' for sets up to 20 (arranged in lines, arrays, circles, or scattered)"},"needs":[{"concept":"how-many-in-total","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"one-to-one-counting","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"counting-unit-cubes","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Counting Unit Cubes"},"summary":{"en":"Measure volumes by counting unit cubes using cubic cm, cubic in, cubic ft, and other units"},"needs":[{"concept":"measuring-length-age-10","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"counting-within-1-000","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Counting Within 1,000"},"summary":{"en":"Count within 1000, including skip-counting by 5s, 10s, and 100s"},"needs":[{"concept":"counting-in-2s","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"the-multiples-of-100","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"crime-and-punishment","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Crime & Punishment"},"summary":{"en":"How justice worked in medieval times: trial by ordeal, trial by combat, the role of the sheriff; punishments including stocks, pillory, and dungeons; how different it was from modern justice"},"needs":[{"concept":"medieval-pyramid-of-power","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"the-medieval-church","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"critical-comparison-across-texts","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Critical comparison across texts"},"summary":{"en":"Make critical comparisons across texts — comparing themes, characters, settings, styles, or arguments in two or more works, including texts from different periods, genres, or cultures"},"needs":[{"concept":"comparing-books","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"tracing-theme-across-a-text","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"cultural-allusions-and-word-meaning","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Cultural Allusions and Word Meaning"},"summary":{"en":"Determine the meaning of words and phrases as used in literary texts, including understanding references to mythology and cultural allusions (e.g., Herculean, Achilles' heel)"},"needs":[{"concept":"expressive-and-sensory-language","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"literal-vs-figurative-language","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"culture-and-experience-shape-emotions","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Culture and Experience Shape Emotions"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that emotional responses are shaped by personal experiences, culture, and context — the same situation triggers different emotions in different people because of their backgrounds and past experiences"},"needs":[{"concept":"hidden-and-masked-feelings","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"current-voltage-and-what-they-measure","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Current, voltage, and what they measure"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that electric current is the rate of flow of charge (measured in amperes using an ammeter), and that potential difference (voltage) is the energy transferred per unit charge (measured in volts using a voltmeter)"},"needs":[{"concept":"circuit-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"drawing-circuits-with-proper-symbols","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"more-batteries-brighter-bulb","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"daily-life-in-a-roman-town","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Daily Life in a Roman Town"},"summary":{"en":"Describe daily life in a Roman town — the forum (marketplace and meeting place), public baths, amphitheatre, and villas — and explain that the Romans were brilliant engineers who built straight roads, aqueducts to carry water, underfloor heating (hypocaust), and Hadrian's Wall to mark the empire's northern frontier in Britain"},"needs":[{"concept":"roman-army-and-conquest-of-britain","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"data-and-information-for-computers","subject":"computing","names":{"en":"Data and Information for Computers"},"summary":{"en":"What data is: information that computers use — numbers, words, pictures, sounds; everything a computer knows comes from data that people give it"},"needs":[{"concept":"ai-in-daily-life","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"step-by-step-instructions","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"days-weeks-months-and-years","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Days, Weeks, Months & Years"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise and use language relating to dates, including days of the week, weeks, months, and years"},"needs":[{"concept":"ordering-events-in-time","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"decimal-and-percent-notation","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Decimal & Percent Notation"},"summary":{"en":"Read, write, and use decimal and percentage notation correctly — decimal, decimal point, tenths, hundredths, thousandths, percentage, per cent, % symbol, convert, terminating decimal — and understand the relationships between fractions, decimals, and percentages as three ways of expressing the same value"},"needs":[],"ages":[8,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"decimal-equivalents-of-tenths-and-hundredths","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Decimal equivalents of tenths and hundredths"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise and write decimal equivalents of any number of tenths or hundredths (e.g. 3/10 = 0.3, 27/100 = 0.27)"},"needs":[{"concept":"tenths-age-8","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"decimal-and-percent-notation","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"decimal-place-value","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Decimal place value"},"summary":{"en":"Round decimals with one decimal place to the nearest whole number"},"needs":[{"concept":"decimal-equivalents-of-tenths-and-hundredths","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"decimal-place-value-2","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Decimal place value"},"summary":{"en":"Multiply one-digit numbers with up to two decimal places by whole numbers (e.g. 3.47 × 6)"},"needs":[{"concept":"multiplying-and-dividing-age-10","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"long-multiplication-age-10","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"decimal-place-value-3","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Decimal place value"},"summary":{"en":"Round decimals to any place using place-value understanding; round any whole number to a required degree of accuracy"},"needs":[{"concept":"rounding-large-numbers","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"reading-and-writing-numbers-age-10","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"decimal-place-value-age-11","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Decimal place value (age 11+)"},"summary":{"en":"Round numbers and measures to an appropriate degree of accuracy including to a specified number of decimal places or significant figures"},"needs":[{"concept":"decimal-place-value-3","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"decimal-place-value-age-8","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Decimal place value (age 8+)"},"summary":{"en":"Compare numbers with the same number of decimal places up to two decimal places"},"needs":[{"concept":"decimal-equivalents-of-tenths-and-hundredths","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"decimal-place-value-age-9","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Decimal place value (age 9+)"},"summary":{"en":"Round decimals with two decimal places to the nearest whole number and to one decimal place"},"needs":[{"concept":"decimal-place-value","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"decimal-place-value-maths","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Decimal place value"},"summary":{"en":"Convert among different-sized standard measurement units within a given system (e.g. 5 cm to 0.05 m) using decimal notation to up to three decimal places; convert between smaller and larger units of length, mass, volume, and time"},"needs":[{"concept":"multiplying-and-dividing-age-10","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"converting-measurement-units-age-9","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"decimals-and-fractions","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Decimals and fractions"},"summary":{"en":"Solve simple measure and money problems involving fractions and decimals to two decimal places"},"needs":[{"concept":"fractions-of-amounts-harder","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"adding-fractions-same-denominator","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"decimal-equivalents-of-tenths-and-hundredths","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"decimals-and-fractions-age-10","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Decimals and fractions (age 10+)"},"summary":{"en":"Associate a fraction with division and calculate decimal fraction equivalents for simple fractions (e.g. 3/8 = 0.375); recall and use equivalences between simple fractions, decimals, and percentages in different contexts"},"needs":[{"concept":"fractions-of-a-whole-age-10","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"percentage-and-decimal-equivalents","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"decimal-and-percent-notation","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"understanding-percentages","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"decimals-and-fractions-age-11","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Decimals and fractions (age 11+)"},"summary":{"en":"Work interchangeably with terminating decimals and their corresponding fractions (such as 3.5 and 7/2 or 0.375 and 3/8); convert fluently between the two forms"},"needs":[{"concept":"decimals-and-fractions-age-10","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"decimal-and-percent-notation","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"decimals-for-tenths-and-hundredths","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Decimals for Tenths & Hundredths"},"summary":{"en":"Use decimal notation for fractions with denominators 10 or 100; read and write decimal numbers as fractions (e.g. 0.62 = 62/100, 0.71 = 71/100)"},"needs":[{"concept":"converting-tenths-to-hundredths","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"decimal-equivalents-of-tenths-and-hundredths","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"decimal-and-percent-notation","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"decimals-to-three-places","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Decimals to three places"},"summary":{"en":"Solve problems involving numbers with up to three decimal places"},"needs":[{"concept":"comparing-decimals","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"decimal-place-value-age-9","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"decoding-unfamiliar-words","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Decoding unfamiliar words"},"summary":{"en":"Read Y3-4 exception words with unusual spelling-sound correspondences, applying growing knowledge of morphology and etymology to decode unfamiliar exception words"},"needs":[{"concept":"reading-high-frequency-words-by-sight","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"decomposing-a-shape-into-more-equal-shares","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Decomposing a shape into more equal shares"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that decomposing a shape into more equal shares creates smaller shares"},"needs":[{"concept":"halves-and-quarters-of-shapes","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"deep-ocean-exploration-technology","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Deep-Ocean Exploration Technology"},"summary":{"en":"Explain how crewed submersibles (Alvin, Deepsea Challenger) and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) allow exploration of the deep; describe acoustic seafloor mapping using sonar and why only ~25% of the ocean floor has been mapped at high resolution; explore why the deep ocean is harder to explore than the surface of the Moon (pressure, cold, darkness, communication difficulties); survey astrobiology missions targeting ocean worlds in our solar system"},"needs":[{"concept":"exploring-the-ocean","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"predator-loss-and-ecosystem-effects","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[13,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"deep-sea-creatures","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Deep-Sea Creatures"},"summary":{"en":"Explore life in the deep sea: animals that make their own light (bioluminescence), creatures adapted to crushing pressure and total darkness, and hydrothermal vents where life thrives without sunlight"},"needs":[{"concept":"ocean-animal-adaptations","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"ocean-depth-zones","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"the-ocean-floor","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"deep-sea-life-without-sunlight","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Deep-Sea Life Without Sunlight"},"summary":{"en":"Contrast photosynthesis (energy from sunlight) with chemosynthesis (energy from oxidising chemicals like hydrogen sulphide); describe hydrothermal vent communities: chemoautotrophic bacteria form the base of a food web supporting tube worms, giant clams, and vent crabs with no sunlight; explore what deep-sea life tells us about the origin of life on Earth; explain why NASA studies ocean vents as analogues for potential life around hydrothermal activity on Europa and Enceladus"},"needs":[{"concept":"deep-sea-creatures","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"deep-sea-survival","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Deep-Sea Survival"},"summary":{"en":"Explain how deep-sea animals cope with crushing pressure (no gas-filled spaces, flexible proteins, pressure-adapted enzymes); describe thermoregulation extremes — antifreeze glycoproteins in Antarctic fish, supercooling in wood frogs; introduce tardigrades and cryptobiosis (surviving desiccation, extreme temperatures, radiation, vacuum); survey other extremophiles (thermophiles at hydrothermal vents, halophiles in salt flats); consider what these organisms tell us about the limits of life"},"needs":[{"concept":"polar-animals","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"symbiosis","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"deepfakes-and-ai-generated-content","subject":"computing","names":{"en":"Deepfakes and AI-Generated Content"},"summary":{"en":"Deepfakes, AI-generated images and text; how to spot them and why they matter; the importance of checking sources; not everything online is real"},"needs":[{"concept":"ai-mistakes-and-limitations","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"machine-learning-basics","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"defining-words","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Defining Words"},"summary":{"en":"Define words by category and by one or more key attributes (e.g., 'a duck is a bird that swims'), making real-life connections between words and their use"},"needs":[{"concept":"discussing-and-questioning-new-words","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"sorting-and-categorising-words","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"deforestation-causes-and-scale","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Deforestation Causes & Scale"},"summary":{"en":"Understand the causes and scale of rainforest deforestation — cattle ranching (largest driver in the Amazon), soy and palm oil plantations, logging for timber, and mining — and know that approximately 10 million hectares of forest are lost globally each year, with devastating consequences for biodiversity, climate, and indigenous communities"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-amazon-rainforest","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"rainforest-biodiversity","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"changing-environments","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"deformation-and-fluid-pressure","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Deformation & Fluid Pressure"},"summary":{"en":"Explain forces associated with deforming objects (elastic and inelastic deformation), thermal expansion and contraction of materials, and how fluid pressure acts in all directions and increases with depth"},"needs":[{"concept":"resultant-forces","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"degrees-and-turns","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Degrees and turns"},"summary":{"en":"Know that angles are measured in degrees, where one degree is 1/360 of a full turn; understand that an angle turning through n one-degree angles has a measure of n degrees"},"needs":[{"concept":"what-is-an-angle","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"describing-aloud","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Describing Aloud"},"summary":{"en":"Describe familiar people, places, things, and events with detail; speak audibly and express thoughts, feelings, and ideas clearly; give well-structured descriptions and explanations"},"needs":[{"concept":"expressing-and-justifying-opinions","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"group-discussions","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[4,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"describing-material-properties","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Describing Material Properties"},"summary":{"en":"Describe simple physical properties of everyday materials such as hard/soft, stretchy/stiff, shiny/dull, rough/smooth, waterproof/absorbent, transparent/opaque"},"needs":[{"concept":"states-of-matter-vocabulary","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"naming-everyday-materials","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"describing-movements","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Describing Movements"},"summary":{"en":"Describe movements between positions as translations of a given unit to the left/right and up/down"},"needs":[{"concept":"first-quadrant-coordinates","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"transformations-on-a-grid","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"describing-rules-and-patterns","subject":"learning-to-learn","names":{"en":"Describing Rules & Patterns"},"summary":{"en":"When you notice a pattern repeating, describe it as a rule that works every time — then test whether the rule holds in new cases"},"needs":[{"concept":"spotting-patterns","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"desert-animals","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Desert Animals"},"summary":{"en":"Explore animals of the desert — camels, fennec foxes, scorpions, rattlesnakes, meerkats — and understand how desert animals survive extreme heat and lack of water through being active at night, storing water or fat, burrowing underground during the day, and having large ears to lose heat"},"needs":[{"concept":"animals-everywhere","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"nocturnal-animals","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"designing-fair-ai-rules","subject":"computing","names":{"en":"Designing Fair AI Rules"},"summary":{"en":"Design thinking applied to AI ethics: if you were designing an AI system, what rules would you give it? Who should it help? What should it not be allowed to do?"},"needs":[{"concept":"bias-in-ai-systems","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"ai-and-fairness-in-decisions","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"designing-for-weather-hazards","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Designing for Weather Hazards"},"summary":{"en":"Make a claim about the merit of a design solution that reduces the impacts of a weather-related hazard such as flooding, wind damage, or extreme temperatures"},"needs":[{"concept":"weather-vs-climate","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"weather-forecasting-and-safety","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"determiners-and-articles","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Determiners and articles"},"summary":{"en":"Use determiners (articles a/an/the and demonstratives this/that/these/those) correctly before nouns"},"needs":[{"concept":"basic-nouns-and-verbs","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"developed-informational-and-explanatory-writing","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Developed Informational and Explanatory Writing"},"summary":{"en":"Write informative and explanatory texts that examine a topic and convey ideas clearly — organising information logically with headings and formatting, developing the topic with relevant facts, definitions, details, and quotations, and using precise vocabulary"},"needs":[{"concept":"layout-and-formatting-in-informational-writing","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"writing-for-an-audience","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"cohesion-and-transitions-across-writing","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"choosing-form-and-tone-for-your-audience","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"dialects-and-registers","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Dialects & Registers"},"summary":{"en":"Compare and contrast the varieties of English used in stories, dramas, or poems, including dialects and registers, understanding how language varies by region, context, and purpose"},"needs":[{"concept":"formal-and-informal-english","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"diet-exercise-and-lifestyle","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Diet, Exercise & Lifestyle"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise the impact of diet, exercise, drugs, and lifestyle on the way human bodies function"},"needs":[{"concept":"healthy-lifestyle-choices","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"the-circulatory-system","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"animal-nutrition","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"diet-imbalance-and-deficiency","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Diet Imbalance & Deficiency"},"summary":{"en":"Explain the health consequences of an imbalanced diet including obesity (excess energy), starvation (severe energy deficit), and deficiency diseases (lack of specific nutrients, e.g. scurvy, rickets)"},"needs":[{"concept":"nutrients-in-a-healthy-diet","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"different-accounts-of-the-same-event","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Different Accounts of the Same Event"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise that different people can give different accounts of the same event — and that both can be genuine while still disagreeing"},"needs":[{"concept":"evidence-from-the-past","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"comparing-characters-across-stories","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"vocabulary-historical-thinking","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"spotting-patterns","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[6,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"different-lives-and-experiences","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Different Lives and Experiences"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that people's lives and experiences can be very different from their own — that some children face challenges like disability, poverty, family difficulties, or being new to a country — and develop compassion rather than judgement"},"needs":[{"concept":"seeing-someone-else-s-point-of-view","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"vocabulary-social-awareness","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"similarities-and-differences","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"different-types-of-texts","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Different Types of Texts"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise common types of texts (storybooks, poems, non-fiction); name the author and illustrator and define the role of each in telling or presenting a text"},"needs":[{"concept":"listening-to-texts-read-aloud","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"different-viewpoints-in-texts","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Different viewpoints in texts"},"summary":{"en":"Describe how a narrator's or speaker's point of view influences how events are described, recognising the difference between limited and omniscient narration and how perspective shapes storytelling"},"needs":[{"concept":"narrator-s-point-of-view","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"difficult-ethical-choices","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Difficult Ethical Choices"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that ethical decisions are not always black and white — that sometimes there is no perfect answer and reasonable people can disagree — and practise weighing up competing values when making difficult choices"},"needs":[{"concept":"using-evidence-to-answer-questions","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"mixed-and-conflicting-emotions","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"community-rights-and-responsibilities","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"stop-think-then-choose","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"digestion-and-enzymes","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Digestion & Enzymes"},"summary":{"en":"Describe the organs of the human digestive system and how food is physically and chemically digested, including the role of enzymes as biological catalysts"},"needs":[{"concept":"cells-to-organ-systems","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"the-digestive-system","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"nutrients-in-a-healthy-diet","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"dinosaur-hip-groups","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Dinosaur Hip Groups"},"summary":{"en":"Classify dinosaurs into the two major groups based on hip structure: Saurischia (lizard-hipped, including theropods and sauropods) and Ornithischia (bird-hipped, including Triceratops and Stegosaurus)"},"needs":[{"concept":"famous-dinosaur-species","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"plant-eaters-vs-meat-eaters","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"dinosaur-sizes","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Dinosaur Sizes"},"summary":{"en":"Compare dinosaur sizes to familiar things — some dinosaurs were as tall as a house, others were as small as a chicken — and understand that dinosaurs came in a huge range of sizes"},"needs":[{"concept":"famous-dinosaur-species","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"dinosaur-to-bird-transition","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Dinosaur-to-Bird Transition"},"summary":{"en":"Trace the evidence for the dinosaur-to-bird transition in depth: feathered theropods from the Liaoning Formation (China), the mix of dinosaur and bird features in Archaeopteryx, and the competing ground-up versus trees-down hypotheses for the origin of flight"},"needs":[{"concept":"birds-evolved-from-dinosaurs","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"dinosaurs-around-the-world","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Dinosaurs Around the World"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that different dinosaurs lived on different continents and that fossil discoveries around the world show dinosaurs were a global phenomenon, with some species found only in certain regions"},"needs":[{"concept":"dinosaurs-were-real","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"the-mesozoic-era","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"dinosaurs-were-real","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Dinosaurs Were Real"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that dinosaurs were real animals that lived on Earth a very long time ago and are now extinct — none are alive today"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"diphthongs-and-complex-vowels","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Diphthongs and complex vowels"},"summary":{"en":"Read and spell words containing diphthongs and complex vowel patterns (ow, ou, ew, ue, ie, aw, au) and words ending in -y as a vowel sound"},"needs":[{"concept":"vowel-digraphs","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"discovering-tutankhamun-s-tomb","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Discovering Tutankhamun's Tomb"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that we know about ancient Egypt because archaeologists have dug up and studied objects buried in the sand for thousands of years — and that one of the most exciting discoveries ever was when Howard Carter found the hidden tomb of Tutankhamun in 1922, filled with golden treasures"},"needs":[{"concept":"fossils-and-palaeontologists","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"egyptian-gods-and-the-afterlife","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"pyramids-and-the-great-sphinx","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"vocabulary-ancient-egypt","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"discussing-and-questioning-new-words","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Discussing and Questioning New Words"},"summary":{"en":"Ask and answer questions about unknown words in texts; discuss word meanings and link new vocabulary to words already known"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"discussing-texts-as-a-group","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Discussing Texts as a Group"},"summary":{"en":"Participate in discussions about what is read, taking turns and listening to others; explain understanding clearly; actively engage in group reading activities"},"needs":[{"concept":"listening-and-responding","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"listening-to-texts-read-aloud","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"dissolving-and-solutions","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Dissolving & Solutions"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that some materials dissolve in liquid to form a solution, and describe how to recover a substance from a solution by evaporation"},"needs":[{"concept":"changes-and-separation-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"advanced-material-properties","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"evaporation-and-the-water-cycle","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"dividing-by-10-and-100","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Dividing by 10 and 100"},"summary":{"en":"Find the effect of dividing a one- or two-digit number by 10 and 100, identifying the value of the digits as ones, tenths, and hundredths"},"needs":[{"concept":"tenths-age-8","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"decimal-equivalents-of-tenths-and-hundredths","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"dividing-by-fractions","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Dividing by Fractions"},"summary":{"en":"Interpret and compute division of a whole number by a unit fraction (e.g. 4 ÷ 1/5 = 20); use visual models and the relationship between multiplication and division to explain why the quotient is larger than the dividend"},"needs":[{"concept":"fractions-of-a-whole-age-10","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"multiplying-fractions-age-10","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"dividing-fractions-unit-fractions","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"dividing-by-two-digit-numbers","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Dividing by two-digit numbers"},"summary":{"en":"Divide numbers up to 4 digits by a two-digit number using formal written short division where appropriate, interpreting remainders according to context"},"needs":[{"concept":"arrays-for-multiplication-age-9","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"division-with-remainders-age-10","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"dividing-fractions","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Dividing fractions"},"summary":{"en":"Divide a fraction by a fraction using the 'keep-change-flip' method and visual models; interpret and solve word problems involving division of fractions by fractions"},"needs":[{"concept":"multiplying-fractions-age-10","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"dividing-fractions-unit-fractions","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"dividing-fractions-unit-fractions","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Dividing fractions (unit fractions)"},"summary":{"en":"Interpret and compute division of a unit fraction by a non-zero whole number (e.g. 1/3 ÷ 4 = 1/12); use visual models and the relationship between multiplication and division to explain the result"},"needs":[{"concept":"fractions-of-a-whole-age-10","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"multiplying-fractions-age-10","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"dividing-quantities-by-ratio","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Dividing Quantities by Ratio"},"summary":{"en":"Divide a given quantity into two parts in a given part:part or part:whole ratio, and express the division as a fraction of the whole"},"needs":[{"concept":"proportional-reasoning-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"bar-models-for-ratios","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"understanding-fractions-4","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"ratio-notation","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"dividing-unit-fractions-and-whole-numbers","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Dividing unit fractions and whole numbers"},"summary":{"en":"Solve real-world problems involving division of unit fractions by whole numbers and whole numbers by unit fractions, using visual models and equations"},"needs":[{"concept":"dividing-by-fractions","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"fractions-of-a-whole-age-9","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"dividing-fractions-unit-fractions","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"division-as-equal-sharing","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Division as equal sharing"},"summary":{"en":"Understand division as sharing equally into groups or as grouping (how many groups of a given size can be made)"},"needs":[{"concept":"subtraction-as-taking-away-or-separating","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[4,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"division-as-unknown-factor","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Division as Unknown Factor"},"summary":{"en":"Understand division as an unknown-factor problem (e.g. find 32 ÷ 8 by finding the number that makes 32 when multiplied by 8)"},"needs":[{"concept":"what-multiplication-means","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"what-division-means","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"division-with-decimals","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Division with Decimals"},"summary":{"en":"Use written division methods in cases where the answer has up to two decimal places; divide decimals to hundredths by whole numbers"},"needs":[{"concept":"multiplying-and-dividing-age-10","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"division-with-remainders-age-10","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"division-with-remainders","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Division with remainders"},"summary":{"en":"Solve multi-step word problems using the four operations with whole numbers, including interpreting remainders in context; represent with equations using a letter for the unknown; check with estimation"},"needs":[{"concept":"multiply-and-add-problems","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"arrays-for-multiplication-age-9","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"long-multiplication","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"division-with-remainders-age-10","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Division with remainders (age 10+)"},"summary":{"en":"Divide numbers up to 4 digits by a two-digit divisor using formal written long division, interpreting remainders as whole numbers, fractions, or by rounding as appropriate"},"needs":[{"concept":"arrays-for-multiplication-age-9","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"long-multiplication-age-10","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"dna-and-genes","subject":"science","names":{"en":"DNA & Genes"},"summary":{"en":"Describe the double helix structure of DNA (base pairs, complementarity), explain how genes are sections of DNA that code for proteins, introduce the central dogma (DNA → mRNA → protein) conceptually, and discuss the ethical implications of CRISPR gene editing — including potential benefits (genetic disease treatment) and concerns (germline editing, 'designer babies')"},"needs":[{"concept":"chromosomes-genes-and-dna","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"domain-vocabulary-across-subject-areas","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Domain Vocabulary Across Subject Areas"},"summary":{"en":"Acquire and use accurately academic and domain-specific vocabulary relevant to grade-level topics, including words that signal precise meaning in informational texts across subject areas"},"needs":[{"concept":"discussing-and-questioning-new-words","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"defining-words","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"drawing-circuits-with-proper-symbols","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Drawing circuits with proper symbols"},"summary":{"en":"Use recognised symbols when representing a simple circuit in a diagram, including cell, wire, bulb, switch, buzzer, and motor"},"needs":[{"concept":"why-circuit-components-behave-differently","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"more-batteries-brighter-bulb","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"drawing-conclusions-from-discussion","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Drawing Conclusions from Discussion"},"summary":{"en":"Review the key ideas expressed in discussions and draw conclusions in light of information and knowledge gained from the discussion"},"needs":[{"concept":"preparing-for-and-explaining-in-discussions","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"drawing-conclusions-from-evidence","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Drawing conclusions from evidence"},"summary":{"en":"Report on findings from enquiries using oral and written explanations, draw simple conclusions, make predictions, and suggest improvements"},"needs":[{"concept":"teaching-it-back","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"classifying-living-things","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"building-writing-stamina","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"fair-testing","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"drawing-conclusions-from-evidence-age-12","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Drawing conclusions from evidence (age 12+)"},"summary":{"en":"Identify patterns and trends in data, draw conclusions that directly address the hypothesis with quantitative reference to evidence, and evaluate the investigation by distinguishing between systematic and random errors and proposing targeted improvements"},"needs":[{"concept":"transferring-skills","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"evidence-supporting-ideas","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"seismic-waves-and-earth-s-interior","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"drawing-conclusions-from-evidence-age-9","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"tables-charts-and-graphs","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"evidence-based-writing","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"drawing-conclusions-from-evidence-age-9","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Drawing conclusions from evidence (age 9+)"},"summary":{"en":"Report and present findings including conclusions, causal relationships, explanations, and a degree of trust in results using oral and written forms"},"needs":[{"concept":"fair-testing-age-9","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"writing-opinions","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"planning-ideas-before-writing","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"basic-informational-writing","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"classifying-living-things-age-9","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"understanding-why","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"drawing-force-diagrams","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Drawing Force Diagrams"},"summary":{"en":"Draw and interpret force diagrams showing forces as labelled arrows — where the arrow's length represents the force's magnitude and its direction shows which way the force acts; show multiple forces on one object; identify from the diagram whether forces are balanced (equal arrows in opposite directions, no resultant) or unbalanced (arrows of different sizes, producing a resultant); represent the resultant with a single arrow"},"needs":[],"ages":[7,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"drawing-life-cycle-diagrams","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Drawing Life Cycle Diagrams"},"summary":{"en":"Draw and interpret life cycle diagrams for flowering plants, insects (complete and incomplete metamorphosis), birds, and mammals — labelling stages, describing transitions, and comparing cycles across species"},"needs":[{"concept":"sorting-into-categories","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"drawing-particle-diagrams","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Drawing Particle Diagrams"},"summary":{"en":"Draw and interpret particle diagrams — dot representations showing the arrangement, spacing, and movement of particles in solids (close, regular, vibrating in place), liquids (close, random, flowing past each other), and gases (widely spaced, moving rapidly in all directions) — and use these diagrams to explain observable properties such as fixed shape, fixed volume, and compressibility"},"needs":[],"ages":[7,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"drawing-ray-diagrams","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Drawing Ray Diagrams"},"summary":{"en":"Draw ray diagrams to show reflection at a plane mirror (angle of incidence = angle of reflection) and refraction at a boundary between media; use ray diagrams to locate images and explain how lenses and mirrors work"},"needs":[{"concept":"measuring-angles","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"dressing-for-the-weather","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Dressing for the Weather"},"summary":{"en":"Choose appropriate clothing and equipment for different weather conditions — coat and umbrella for rain, sun hat and sunscreen for hot sun, warm layers for cold — understanding that weather affects what we do and how we prepare each day"},"needs":[{"concept":"types-of-weather","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"temperature-and-thermometers","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"early-maths-vocabulary","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Early Maths Vocabulary"},"summary":{"en":"Use mathematical words carefully when counting, comparing, and describing shapes and positions"},"needs":[{"concept":"comparing-groups-more-or-fewer","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"positional-language","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"basic-nouns-and-verbs","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"early-word-problems","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Early Word Problems"},"summary":{"en":"Solve one-step word problems involving addition and subtraction to 20, including missing-number problems"},"needs":[{"concept":"adding-and-subtracting","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"addition-and-subtraction-word-problems","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"earning-money","subject":"life-skills","names":{"en":"Earning Money"},"summary":{"en":"Ways that children and adults earn money; the connection between work, skills and pay; that harder or more skilled work often pays more"},"needs":[{"concept":"jobs-people-do","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"earth-and-space-vocabulary","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Earth & Space Vocabulary"},"summary":{"en":"Use technical vocabulary for Earth's motion and the wider universe — rotation, revolution, axis, tilt, orbit, light year, gravitational force, atmosphere, lunar phases, waxing, waning, solstice, equinox, eclipse — and apply these when explaining day and night, the seasons, and the Moon's phases"},"needs":[],"ages":[8,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"earth-is-made-of-rock","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Earth Is Made of Rock"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that Earth is made of rock and other solid materials"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"earth-s-atmosphere","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Earth's atmosphere"},"summary":{"en":"Develop a model to describe ways the geosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere interact as connected Earth systems"},"needs":[{"concept":"rock-layers-and-earth-s-history","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"types-of-rocks","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"the-atmosphere","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"weather-vs-climate","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"oceans-and-climate","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"where-water-is-found-on-earth","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"evaporation-and-the-water-cycle","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"famous-eruptions-and-pangaea","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"evaporation-and-condensation","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"earth-s-atmosphere-and-co2","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Earth's Atmosphere & CO2"},"summary":{"en":"Describe the composition of Earth's atmosphere (mainly nitrogen and oxygen, with small amounts of CO₂ and other gases), explain how human activity increases CO₂, and describe the impact on global climate"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-carbon-cycle","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"greenhouse-gas-science","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"earth-s-frozen-water","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Earth's Frozen Water"},"summary":{"en":"Understand the cryosphere and its role in Earth's water system — the cryosphere is all frozen water on Earth (ice sheets, glaciers, sea ice, permafrost, snow cover); polar ice sheets hold about 69% of Earth's fresh water; if all polar ice melted, sea levels would rise over 65 metres; and the water cycle connects polar ice to the global system through evaporation, precipitation, and meltwater flowing into oceans"},"needs":[{"concept":"glaciers-and-ice-sheets","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"the-water-cycle-science","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"polar-oceans-and-world-climate","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"earth-s-layers","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Earth's Layers"},"summary":{"en":"Know that Earth has layers — a thin outer crust, a thick hot mantle, and a core at the centre — and that the inside of the Earth is extremely hot"},"needs":[{"concept":"what-is-a-volcano","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"earth-is-made-of-rock","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"earth-s-rotation-and-day-night","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Earth's rotation and day/night"},"summary":{"en":"Use the idea of the Earth's rotation to explain day and night and the apparent movement of the sun across the sky"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-solar-system","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"why-seasons-change","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"earth-and-space-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"earth-s-spin-and-orbit","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"earth-s-spin-and-orbit","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Earth's Spin & Orbit"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that Earth moves in two ways: it rotates (spins) on its axis once every 24 hours causing day and night, and it orbits (travels around) the Sun once every 365 days, which is one year"},"needs":[{"concept":"seasons-and-weather-patterns","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"the-sun-is-a-star","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"earthquake-resistant-design","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Earthquake-Resistant Design"},"summary":{"en":"Know that buildings can be designed to resist earthquakes, tsunami warning systems alert coastal communities, and communities prepare through evacuation plans and drills"},"needs":[{"concept":"natural-disaster-solutions","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"designing-for-weather-hazards","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"plate-boundaries","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"measuring-earthquake-strength","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"tsunamis","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"earthquake-safety","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Earthquake Safety"},"summary":{"en":"Know basic earthquake safety: drop, cover, and hold on; move away from windows; tell a trusted adult"},"needs":[{"concept":"what-is-an-earthquake","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"ecology-vocabulary","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Ecology Vocabulary"},"summary":{"en":"Use vocabulary for feeding relationships and ecological roles — producer, consumer, predator, prey, herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, decomposer, food chain, food web, nutrient cycle — and describe how energy and matter flow through ecosystems using these terms"},"needs":[],"ages":[8,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"edges-vertices-and-faces","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Edges, vertices, and faces"},"summary":{"en":"Identify and describe properties of 3-D shapes including the number of edges, vertices, and faces"},"needs":[{"concept":"3-d-shapes","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"nets-of-3-d-shapes","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"3-d-shapes-age-5","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"effects-of-drugs-and-alcohol","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Effects of Drugs & Alcohol"},"summary":{"en":"Explain the effects of recreational drugs including alcohol, tobacco, and illegal substances on behaviour, health, and body systems, and distinguish between depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens"},"needs":[{"concept":"digestion-and-enzymes","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"diet-exercise-and-lifestyle","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[13,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"efficiency-sankey-diagrams-and-work-done","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Efficiency, Sankey diagrams, and work done"},"summary":{"en":"Calculate energy efficiency as the ratio of useful output energy to total input energy, construct and interpret Sankey diagrams, and calculate work done using work = force × distance"},"needs":[{"concept":"energy-can-t-be-created-or-destroyed","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"resultant-forces","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"calculating-percentages","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"egypt-and-its-neighbours","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Egypt and Its Neighbours"},"summary":{"en":"Examine Egypt's relationships with neighbouring civilisations: trade networks reaching Nubia, the Levant, and Punt; the Hyksos invasion and the introduction of the chariot; and the New Kingdom empire and its conflict with the Hittites, culminating in the Battle of Kadesh and the world's earliest surviving peace treaty — understanding Egypt not as isolated but as part of a connected ancient world"},"needs":[{"concept":"egyptian-trade-and-economy","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"egypt-the-nile-and-the-desert","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Egypt, the Nile, and the Desert"},"summary":{"en":"Locate Egypt on a map of Africa and understand that it is a country in a very hot, dry desert, but the River Nile — the longest river in the world — flows through it, bringing water and rich soil that allowed people to grow food and build one of the earliest great civilisations"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"egyptian-art-and-architecture","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Egyptian Art and Architecture"},"summary":{"en":"Analyse Egyptian art and architecture: understand that Egyptian paintings followed strict conventions (people shown from the side with eyes from the front, size indicating importance), that tomb and temple design evolved from mastabas to step pyramids to smooth pyramids to rock-cut temples like Abu Simbel, and that obelisks, colossal statues, and temples like Karnak demonstrated the pharaoh's power and devotion to the gods"},"needs":[{"concept":"building-the-pyramids","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"egyptian-tomb-paintings-and-artefacts","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"egyptian-gods-and-goddesses","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Egyptian Gods and Goddesses"},"summary":{"en":"Name and describe key Egyptian gods and goddesses: Ra the sun god who sailed across the sky each day, Osiris the ruler of the afterlife, Isis the goddess of magic and motherhood, Anubis the jackal-headed god of mummification, Horus the falcon-headed sky god, Thoth the ibis-headed god of writing, and Bastet the cat goddess of protection"},"needs":[{"concept":"egyptian-gods-and-the-afterlife","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"egyptian-gods-and-the-afterlife","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Egyptian Gods and the Afterlife"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that the ancient Egyptians believed in many gods and goddesses and believed that life continued after death in a wonderful afterlife — which is why they took great care to prepare bodies and fill tombs with food, jewellery, and precious objects for the dead person to use"},"needs":[{"concept":"pyramids-and-the-great-sphinx","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"vocabulary-ancient-egypt","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"egyptian-maths-and-engineering","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Egyptian Maths and Engineering"},"summary":{"en":"Describe the Egyptian achievement in mathematics and engineering: the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus shows calculations of area, volume, and fractions; the precision of pyramid alignment (within 0.05° of true north) required sophisticated surveying; and Egyptian medical papyri describe detailed anatomical knowledge and pharmacological remedies — placing Egypt as a major contributor to the early history of science and technology"},"needs":[{"concept":"unit-fractions","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"building-the-pyramids","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"egyptian-social-hierarchy","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Egyptian Social Hierarchy"},"summary":{"en":"Describe the social structure of ancient Egypt as a pyramid-shaped hierarchy: the pharaoh at the top, then priests and nobles, followed by scribes and soldiers, then craftworkers and merchants, and farmers and labourers at the base — understanding that a person's position was usually inherited and determined their whole way of life"},"needs":[{"concept":"pharaohs-and-tutankhamun","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"everyday-life-in-ancient-egypt","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"vocabulary-ancient-egypt","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"egyptian-timelines-and-maps","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Egyptian Timelines and Maps"},"summary":{"en":"Read and construct historical timelines — place Ancient Egyptian periods, pharaohs, and key events on a timeline relative to each other and to the present day; interpret maps showing the Nile delta, trade routes, and the location of key sites"},"needs":[{"concept":"telling-time-to-the-minute-age-9","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"first-quadrant-coordinates","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"egyptian-tomb-paintings-and-artefacts","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Egyptian Tomb Paintings and Artefacts"},"summary":{"en":"Use tomb paintings, artefacts, and objects from ancient Egypt as evidence to find out about daily life: Nebamun's tomb paintings show hunting and feasting, jewellery and furniture reveal craftsmanship, and everyday objects like pots and tools tell us what ordinary people used — understanding that these sources are how we piece together information about a civilisation that ended thousands of years ago"},"needs":[{"concept":"egyptian-gods-and-goddesses","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"discovering-tutankhamun-s-tomb","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"vocabulary-ancient-egypt","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"non-fiction-text-features","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"egyptian-trade-and-economy","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Egyptian Trade and Economy"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that ancient Egypt had a thriving economy based on farming surplus, trade, and specialised labour: the Nile's fertile soil produced enough food to support craftworkers, priests, and officials, and Egypt traded along the Nile and across the Mediterranean — exchanging gold, papyrus, and grain for cedarwood from Lebanon, lapis lazuli from Afghanistan, and incense from Punt"},"needs":[{"concept":"egyptian-social-hierarchy","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"upper-and-lower-egypt","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"scribes-and-the-rosetta-stone","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"electromagnets","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Electromagnets"},"summary":{"en":"Describe the magnetic effect of an electric current (a current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field), and investigate how the strength of an electromagnet depends on current, number of coil turns, and core material"},"needs":[{"concept":"current-voltage-and-what-they-measure","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"magnetic-fields","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"embeddings","subject":"llms","names":{"en":"Embeddings","hi":"एम्बेडिंग"},"summary":{"en":"How a model turns each token into a list of numbers, so that related meanings end up close together."},"needs":[{"concept":"tokenization","strength":"hard"}]},{"id":"emotion-vocabulary","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Emotion Vocabulary"},"summary":{"en":"Use a wider vocabulary of emotion words beyond the basics — including frustrated, worried, anxious, embarrassed, jealous, proud, disappointed, grateful, and lonely — and distinguish between similar emotions"},"needs":[{"concept":"naming-basic-emotions","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"emotional-intelligence","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Emotional Intelligence"},"summary":{"en":"Introduce Goleman's emotional intelligence model (self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, social skills); develop vocabulary for complex emotional states (ambivalence, ennui, schadenfreude, awe, nostalgia, cognitive dissonance); understand the evidence linking emotional intelligence to wellbeing, relationship quality, and long-term life outcomes; reflect on personal emotional growth over the secondary school years; explore the relationship between emotional literacy and mental health, and know when to seek professional support"},"needs":[{"concept":"emotional-patterns-over-time","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"identity-and-belonging-in-adolescence","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[13,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"emotional-patterns-over-time","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Emotional Patterns Over Time"},"summary":{"en":"Reflect on their own emotional patterns over time — noticing recurring triggers, understanding their typical responses, and recognising how their emotional awareness has grown"},"needs":[{"concept":"personal-growth-over-time","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"patterns-in-your-own-reactions","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"personal-coping-toolkit","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"emotions-and-decision-making","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"culture-and-experience-shape-emotions","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"emotions-and-decision-making","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Emotions and Decision-Making"},"summary":{"en":"Understand how emotions influence thinking and decision-making — that strong feelings can cloud judgement, that we often make different choices when calm versus when upset, and that recognising this gives us more control"},"needs":[{"concept":"stop-think-then-choose","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"how-emotions-feel-in-your-body","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"endangered-and-extinct-species","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Endangered & Extinct Species"},"summary":{"en":"Understand why some animal species become endangered or go extinct — habitat destruction, hunting/poaching, pollution, climate change, and invasive species — and know examples like the giant panda, mountain gorilla, Amur leopard, and the now-extinct dodo and thylacine, using the IUCN Red List as the system scientists use to track threatened species"},"needs":[{"concept":"climate-change-basics","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"rainforest-animals","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"structural-adaptations","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"animals-everywhere","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"changing-environments","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"energy-can-t-be-created-or-destroyed","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Energy can't be created or destroyed"},"summary":{"en":"Explain the principle of conservation of energy (energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred between stores), and describe how energy is dissipated as thermal energy to the surroundings in all real processes"},"needs":[{"concept":"naming-types-of-energy","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"energy-stores-and-transfers","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"energy-from-food-and-the-sun","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Energy from Food & the Sun"},"summary":{"en":"Use models to describe that energy in animals' food was once energy from the sun, transferred through plants or other organisms"},"needs":[{"concept":"plants-grow-from-air-and-water","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"animal-nutrition","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"energy-loss-between-levels","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Energy Loss Between Levels"},"summary":{"en":"Explain how energy is transferred between trophic levels in a food chain, why energy is lost at each stage, and use pyramids of biomass/numbers to represent this"},"needs":[{"concept":"food-webs-and-interdependence","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"reading-food-web-diagrams","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"energy-stores-and-transfers","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Energy stores and transfers"},"summary":{"en":"Identify the main energy stores (kinetic, gravitational potential, elastic potential, thermal, chemical, nuclear, electromagnetic) and the pathways by which energy is transferred between stores (mechanically, electrically, by heating, by radiation)"},"needs":[{"concept":"speed-and-energy","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"naming-types-of-energy","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"greenhouse-gas-science","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"how-energy-travels-around","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"engaging-listeners-and-valuing-viewpoints","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Engaging Listeners and Valuing Viewpoints"},"summary":{"en":"Gain, maintain and monitor the interest of listeners when speaking; consider and evaluate different viewpoints, attending to and building on others' contributions; begin to select appropriate language for different situations"},"needs":[{"concept":"teaching-it-back","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"expressing-and-justifying-opinions","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"group-discussions","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"reciting-poetry","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"equally-likely-outcomes","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Equally Likely Outcomes"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that 'equally likely' means every outcome has exactly the same chance of occurring; identify whether a given situation has equally likely outcomes (a fair coin, a fair die, a spinner with equal sections) or unequally likely outcomes (a bag with more of one colour, a spinner with unequal sections)"},"needs":[{"concept":"ordering-likelihoods","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"equations-with-two-unknowns","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Equations with Two Unknowns"},"summary":{"en":"Find pairs of numbers that satisfy an equation with two unknowns (e.g. find pairs (a, b) where a + b = 10 or 2a + b = 15)"},"needs":[{"concept":"writing-algebraic-equations","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"equivalent-fractions","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Equivalent fractions"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise and show, using diagrams, equivalent fractions with small denominators"},"needs":[{"concept":"fractions-on-a-number-line","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"understanding-fractions-maths","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"fraction-notation","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"equivalent-fractions-age-8","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Equivalent fractions (age 8+)"},"summary":{"en":"Generate simple equivalent fractions and explain why they are equivalent using visual fraction models"},"needs":[{"concept":"equivalent-fractions-on-a-number-line","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"equivalent-fractions-age-9","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Equivalent fractions (age 9+)"},"summary":{"en":"Explain why a fraction a/b is equivalent to (n×a)/(n×b) using visual models; use this principle to recognise and generate equivalent fractions, including tenths and hundredths"},"needs":[{"concept":"equivalent-fractions-on-a-number-line","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"equivalent-fractions-age-8","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"equivalent-fractions-on-a-number-line","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Equivalent fractions on a number line"},"summary":{"en":"Understand two fractions as equivalent if they are the same size or the same point on a number line; recognise and show families of common equivalent fractions using diagrams"},"needs":[{"concept":"equivalent-fractions","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"fractions-of-a-whole","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"fractions-on-a-number-line-age-8","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"erosion-and-weathering","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Erosion and weathering"},"summary":{"en":"Make observations and measurements to provide evidence of the effects of weathering or the rate of erosion by water, ice, wind, or vegetation"},"needs":[{"concept":"types-of-rocks","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"preventing-erosion","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"properties-of-materials","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"eruption-types-and-volcano-shape","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Eruption Types & Volcano Shape"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that not all volcanic eruptions are the same: some flow gently (effusive) and some explode violently (explosive), depending on the properties of the magma, and that volcano shape is related to eruption type"},"needs":[{"concept":"active-dormant-and-extinct","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"plate-boundaries","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"inside-a-volcano","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"estimating-and-comparing-money","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Estimating and comparing money"},"summary":{"en":"Estimate, compare, and calculate different measures including money in pounds and pence"},"needs":[{"concept":"giving-change","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"calculating-with-measurements","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"estimating-angles","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Estimating Angles"},"summary":{"en":"Estimate and compare acute, obtuse, and reflex angles in degrees; classify angles by type and order them by size"},"needs":[{"concept":"degrees-and-turns","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"estimating-answers-age-10","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Estimating answers (age 10+)"},"summary":{"en":"Find the volume of right rectangular prisms by packing with unit cubes and show it equals l × w × h (or base area × height); apply V = l × w × h and V = B × h to solve real-world problems; calculate, estimate, and compare volumes of cubes and cuboids in standard units (cm³, m³)"},"needs":[{"concept":"counting-unit-cubes","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"long-multiplication-age-10","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"estimating-answers-age-13","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Estimating answers (age 13+)"},"summary":{"en":"Use graphs of linear and quadratic functions to estimate output values for given inputs, find approximate solutions to equations, and interpret graphical information in real-world contexts"},"needs":[{"concept":"plotting-linear-graphs","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"quadratic-graphs","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[13,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"estimating-answers-age-7","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Estimating answers (age 7+)"},"summary":{"en":"Estimate and read time with increasing accuracy to the nearest minute; record and compare time in terms of seconds, minutes, and hours"},"needs":[{"concept":"telling-time-to-the-minute-age-7","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"sequence-intervals-of-time","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"estimating-answers-age-9","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Estimating answers (age 9+)"},"summary":{"en":"Apply the area formula (l × w) and perimeter formula (2l + 2w) for rectangles including squares in real-world and mathematical problems; calculate and compare areas using standard units (cm², m²) and estimate areas of irregular shapes"},"needs":[{"concept":"understanding-angles-age-8-maths","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"perimeters-of-polygons","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"estimating-by-rounding","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Estimating by rounding"},"summary":{"en":"Estimate the answer to a calculation and use inverse operations to check answers; apply to increasingly large numbers using rounding and inverse reasoning"},"needs":[{"concept":"inverse-addition-undoes-subtraction","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"addition-and-subtraction-within-1000","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"estimating-by-rounding-maths","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Estimating by rounding"},"summary":{"en":"Use approximation through rounding to estimate answers and calculate possible resulting errors expressed using inequality notation a < x ≤ b; understand upper and lower bounds of rounded values"},"needs":[{"concept":"decimal-place-value-age-11","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"estimating-lengths","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Estimating Lengths"},"summary":{"en":"Estimate lengths using units of inches, feet, centimetres, and metres"},"needs":[{"concept":"measuring-length-age-7","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"estimating-volume","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Estimating volume"},"summary":{"en":"Estimate volume of cuboids using 1 cm³ blocks; estimate capacity of containers using water"},"needs":[{"concept":"area-age-8","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"estimation-to-check-answers-to-calculations","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Estimation to check answers to calculations"},"summary":{"en":"Use estimation to check answers to calculations and determine, in the context of a problem, an appropriate degree of accuracy"},"needs":[{"concept":"decimal-place-value-3","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"checking-answers-by-rounding","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"ethical-frameworks-and-moral-reasoning","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Ethical Frameworks and Moral Reasoning"},"summary":{"en":"Introduce the three main ethical frameworks: consequentialism (judge actions by outcomes and overall welfare), deontology (judge actions by adherence to rules and duties regardless of consequences), and virtue ethics (judge actions by the character they reflect); apply each framework to real-world moral dilemmas: climate responsibility, AI ethics, civil disobedience, wealth inequality, healthcare rationing; understand the strengths and limitations of each framework; develop the capacity for careful moral reasoning — the ability to think through ethical questions systematically rather than relying only on intuition or group opinion"},"needs":[{"concept":"community-rights-and-responsibilities","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"peer-pressure-and-resisting-it","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"online-identity-and-misinformation","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[13,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"ethics-in-business","subject":"life-skills","names":{"en":"Ethics in Business"},"summary":{"en":"Being honest, being fair, treating workers well, not harming the environment; what makes a 'good' business; whether businesses should care about more than profit"},"needs":[{"concept":"being-a-good-seller","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"fair-trade-and-ethics","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"social-enterprise","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"supply-chains","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"ethics-in-real-world-issues","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Ethics in Real-World Issues"},"summary":{"en":"Evaluate the ethical dimensions of real-world issues they encounter — such as environmental responsibility, fairness in sport, digital ethics, or social justice — considering multiple perspectives and forming a reasoned personal position"},"needs":[{"concept":"difficult-ethical-choices","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"questioning-your-own-biases","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"community-rights-and-responsibilities","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"identifying-reasons-behind-a-speaker-s-points","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"questioning-first-impressions","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"evaluating-a-speaker-s-argument","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Evaluating a Speaker's Argument"},"summary":{"en":"Summarise the points a speaker makes and explain how each claim is supported by reasons and evidence, evaluating the logic and relevance of the support"},"needs":[{"concept":"identifying-reasons-behind-a-speaker-s-points","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"evaluating-arguments-in-non-fiction","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Evaluating Arguments in Non-Fiction"},"summary":{"en":"Evaluate arguments and claims in non-fiction texts — assess whether reasoning is sound, evidence is relevant and sufficient, distinguish between fact and opinion, and recognise bias, propaganda, and rhetorical techniques"},"needs":[{"concept":"using-and-evaluating-textual-evidence","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"purpose-audience-and-context","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"fact-vs-opinion","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"evaporation-and-condensation","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Evaporation and condensation"},"summary":{"en":"Name and use vocabulary for the water cycle — evaporation, condensation, precipitation, collection, transpiration, water vapour, runoff, groundwater — and describe each stage of the cycle using these terms in the correct sequence"},"needs":[],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"evaporation-and-the-water-cycle","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Evaporation & the Water Cycle"},"summary":{"en":"Identify the role of evaporation and condensation in the water cycle, and associate the rate of evaporation with temperature"},"needs":[{"concept":"changes-and-separation-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"the-water-cycle-science","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"heating-and-cooling-changes","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"everyday-foods-from-rainforests","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Everyday Foods from Rainforests"},"summary":{"en":"Know that many everyday foods come from rainforests — chocolate is made from cacao beans, bananas grow in tropical forests, coffee berries ripen in forest shade, and Brazil nuts fall from giant trees — connecting our daily lives to faraway forests"},"needs":[{"concept":"what-is-a-rainforest","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"everyday-kindness-and-care","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Everyday Kindness and Care"},"summary":{"en":"Show kindness and care towards others in simple everyday ways — comforting a friend who is upset, helping someone who has dropped their things, sharing without being asked, and saying kind words"},"needs":[{"concept":"naming-basic-emotions","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"vocabulary-understanding-others","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"other-people-s-feelings-and-thoughts","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"everyday-life-in-ancient-egypt","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Everyday Life in Ancient Egypt"},"summary":{"en":"Describe what everyday life was like for ordinary people in ancient Egypt: farmers grew wheat and barley near the Nile, families lived in mud-brick houses, children played games and had pets, and people ate bread, fish, fruit, and vegetables"},"needs":[{"concept":"egypt-the-nile-and-the-desert","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"everyday-safety-awareness","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Everyday Safety Awareness"},"summary":{"en":"Keep themselves safe in everyday situations — knowing basic safety rules about roads, strangers, water, and the internet — and understanding who their trusted adults are and when to tell them something"},"needs":[{"concept":"vocabulary-making-decisions-and-keeping-safe","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"evidence-based-classification","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Evidence-Based Classification"},"summary":{"en":"Give reasons for classifying plants and animals based on specific characteristics, using evidence to justify classification decisions"},"needs":[{"concept":"structures-for-survival","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"classifying-organisms","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"evidence-based-writing","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Evidence-Based Writing"},"summary":{"en":"Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research in writing, applying grade-level reading standards to non-fiction"},"needs":[{"concept":"short-research-projects","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"main-topic-and-key-details","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"evidence-for-evolution","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Evidence for Evolution"},"summary":{"en":"Describe the main types of evidence for evolution: the fossil record (change over time), comparative anatomy (homologous structures), and the geographic distribution of related species"},"needs":[{"concept":"how-natural-selection-works","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"evidence-for-greek-and-roman-life","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Evidence for Greek and Roman Life"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that historians and archaeologists piece together ancient Greek and Roman life from evidence — pottery paintings, coins, inscriptions, ruins like Pompeii, and written texts by authors such as Homer and Pliny — and that the same evidence can be interpreted in different ways by different historians"},"needs":[{"concept":"evidence-from-the-past","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"questioning-historical-sources","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"gladiators-and-pompeii","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"gods-and-the-parthenon","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"evidence-from-the-past","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Evidence from the Past"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that everything we know about the past comes from evidence — objects, buildings, pictures, documents, and stories that have survived"},"needs":[{"concept":"thinking-before-starting","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"vocabulary-historical-thinking","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"evidence-supporting-ideas","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Evidence Supporting Ideas"},"summary":{"en":"Identify scientific evidence that has been used to support or refute ideas or arguments, evaluating the strength of evidence"},"needs":[{"concept":"science-can-be-revised","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"drawing-conclusions-from-evidence-age-9","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"learning-from-mistakes","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"inferring-characters-feelings-and-motives","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"correlation-vs-causation","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"evidence-versus-interpretation","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Evidence Versus Interpretation"},"summary":{"en":"Distinguish between historical evidence and historical interpretation — evidence is what survived, interpretation is the argument a historian builds from it, and the same evidence can support different arguments"},"needs":[{"concept":"understanding-people-in-their-own-time","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"learning-from-mistakes","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"questioning-historical-sources","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"vocabulary-historical-thinking","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"checking-sources-against-each-other","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"evidence-based-writing","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"evolution-vocabulary","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Evolution vocabulary"},"summary":{"en":"Use technical vocabulary for evolution and natural selection — adaptation, evolution, natural selection, extinct, extinction, fossil record, species, common ancestor, mutation, variation — and explain the mechanism of natural selection using these terms in the correct sequence"},"needs":[],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"expanded-noun-phrases","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Expanded noun phrases"},"summary":{"en":"Use expanded noun phrases to describe and specify, adding adjectives and other modifiers before a noun (e.g., 'the blue butterfly', 'the old, creaky door')"},"needs":[{"concept":"defining-words","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"building-sentences","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"basic-nouns-and-verbs","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"expanded-noun-phrases-age-8","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Expanded noun phrases (age 8+)"},"summary":{"en":"Expand noun phrases with modifying adjectives, nouns, and preposition phrases to add detail"},"needs":[{"concept":"expanded-noun-phrases","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"prepositions","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"expanded-noun-phrases-age-9","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Expanded noun phrases (age 9+)"},"summary":{"en":"Form and use prepositional phrases (preposition + noun phrase) to add detail about time, location, or direction within sentences, recognising how they function as adjective or adverb phrases"},"needs":[{"concept":"fronted-adverbials-and-commas","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"expanded-noun-phrases-age-8","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"expressing-time-place-and-cause","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"prepositions","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"expanding-double-brackets","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Expanding Double Brackets"},"summary":{"en":"Expand products of two or more binomials, e.g., (x + 3)(x - 2) = x² + x - 6, using the grid method or FOIL; simplify the result by collecting like terms"},"needs":[{"concept":"expanding-single-brackets","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"collecting-like-terms","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[13,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"expanding-single-brackets","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Expanding Single Brackets"},"summary":{"en":"Expand (multiply out) a single term over a bracket using the distributive property, e.g., 3(2x + 5) = 6x + 15; expand expressions involving negative multipliers"},"needs":[{"concept":"collecting-like-terms","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"experimental-probability","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Experimental probability"},"summary":{"en":"Record, describe, and analyse the frequency of outcomes from probability experiments to develop an understanding of relative frequency as an estimate of probability"},"needs":[{"concept":"experimental-vs-theoretical","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"the-probability-scale","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"experimental-vs-theoretical","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Experimental vs Theoretical"},"summary":{"en":"Run repeated probability experiments and compare experimental (relative frequency) results with theoretical predictions; understand and demonstrate that as the number of trials increases, the experimental probability tends towards the theoretical probability — and that short runs can give very different results"},"needs":[{"concept":"simple-chance-experiments","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"calculating-simple-probability","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"explaining-events-and-ideas","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Explaining Events & Ideas"},"summary":{"en":"Explain events, procedures, ideas, or concepts in an informational text, including what happened and why, by citing specific textual evidence about causes, effects, and steps in a process"},"needs":[{"concept":"connecting-ideas-in-texts","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"explaining-mathematical-reasoning","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Explaining Mathematical Reasoning"},"summary":{"en":"With teacher prompting, explain and justify mathematical reasoning using drawings, number sentences, or words"},"needs":[{"concept":"showing-your-working","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"what-the-equals-sign-means","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"addition-in-any-order","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"explaining-relationships-in-texts","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Explaining Relationships in Texts"},"summary":{"en":"Explain the relationships or interactions between two or more individuals, events, ideas, or concepts in historical, scientific, or technical texts based on specific information"},"needs":[{"concept":"connecting-ideas-in-texts","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"exploring-ideas-through-talk","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Exploring Ideas Through Talk"},"summary":{"en":"Use spoken language to develop understanding through speculating, hypothesising, imagining, and exploring ideas; use strategies to build vocabulary through talk"},"needs":[{"concept":"feeling-of-not-understanding","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[4,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"exploring-the-ocean","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Exploring the Ocean"},"summary":{"en":"Know that oceanographers and marine biologists study the ocean using submarines, remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), satellites, and diving, and that much of the ocean remains unexplored — we know more about the Moon's surface than the deep ocean floor"},"needs":[{"concept":"deep-sea-creatures","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"the-ocean-floor","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"expressing-and-justifying-opinions","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Expressing & Justifying Opinions"},"summary":{"en":"Articulate and justify answers, arguments, and opinions; participate in discussions, presentations, performances, role play, and debates"},"needs":[],"ages":[4,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"expressing-feelings-with-words","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Expressing Feelings with Words"},"summary":{"en":"Express their own feelings appropriately using words rather than actions — saying 'I feel angry because...' instead of hitting, shouting, or withdrawing"},"needs":[{"concept":"triggers-and-causes-of-feelings","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"simple-calming-strategies","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"expressing-time-place-and-cause","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Expressing Time, Place and Cause"},"summary":{"en":"Use conjunctions (when, before, after, while, so, because), adverbs (then, next, soon, therefore) and prepositions (before, after, during, in, because of) to express time, place and cause within and across sentences"},"needs":[{"concept":"prepositions","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"subordinate-clauses","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"expressions-and-equations-vocabulary","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Expressions & Equations Vocabulary"},"summary":{"en":"Understand and use the concepts and vocabulary of expressions, equations, inequalities, terms, and factors; distinguish between an expression (no equals sign), an equation (equals sign), and an inequality (inequality sign)"},"needs":[{"concept":"algebraic-notation","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"expressive-and-sensory-language","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Expressive and Sensory Language"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise recurring literary language in stories and poetry, identify words and phrases that suggest feelings or appeal to the senses, and discuss favourite words and phrases"},"needs":[{"concept":"discussing-and-questioning-new-words","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"listening-to-texts-read-aloud","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"shades-of-meaning","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[6,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"extending-table-patterns","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Extending Table Patterns"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise and use repeated reasoning to generalise: extend multiplication table patterns, derive unknown facts from known ones, and describe rules for sequences"},"needs":[{"concept":"generalising-patterns","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"skip-counting-4s-8s-50s-100s","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"times-tables-age-7","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"extinction-and-rapid-change","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Extinction & Rapid Change"},"summary":{"en":"Explain how environmental change can outpace a species' ability to adapt through natural selection, leading to extinction, using historical and contemporary examples"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-biodiversity-crisis","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"how-natural-selection-works","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"species-distribution-and-change","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"extreme-weather-events","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Extreme Weather Events"},"summary":{"en":"Know about extreme weather events — hurricanes (spinning storms over warm ocean), tornadoes (violent rotating columns of air), floods, droughts, and blizzards — how they form, where they typically occur, and their effects on people and the environment"},"needs":[{"concept":"thunder-and-lightning","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"the-water-cycle-science","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"what-causes-wind","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fact-vs-opinion","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Fact vs opinion"},"summary":{"en":"Distinguish between statements of fact and statements of opinion in texts, recognising how authors blend factual information with subjective viewpoints"},"needs":[{"concept":"why-the-author-wrote-it","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"factor-pairs-and-commutativity","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Factor Pairs & Commutativity"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise and use factor pairs and commutativity in mental calculations"},"needs":[{"concept":"all-times-tables-to-12-12","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"properties-of-operations","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"factorising-expressions","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Factorising Expressions"},"summary":{"en":"Factorise algebraic expressions by taking out common factors — identify the highest common factor of all terms and write the expression as a product, e.g., 6x + 9 = 3(2x + 3)"},"needs":[{"concept":"expanding-single-brackets","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"factors-multiples-and-primes","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Factors, multiples, and primes"},"summary":{"en":"Find all factor pairs for a whole number in the range 1–100; identify common factors and common multiples of two numbers; use these concepts to solve problems"},"needs":[{"concept":"all-times-tables-to-12-12","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"factor-pairs-and-commutativity","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"factors-multiples-and-primes-age-11","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Factors, multiples, and primes (age 11+)"},"summary":{"en":"Use the concepts and vocabulary of prime numbers, factors, multiples, common factors, common multiples, highest common factor (HCF), lowest common multiple (LCM), and prime factorisation including product notation and the unique factorisation property"},"needs":[{"concept":"factors-multiples-and-primes","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"factors-multiples-and-primes-age-9","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Factors, multiples, and primes (age 9+)"},"summary":{"en":"Solve problems involving multiplication and division using knowledge of factors, multiples, squares, and cubes"},"needs":[{"concept":"factors-multiples-and-primes","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"square-and-cube-numbers","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fair-testing","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Fair testing"},"summary":{"en":"Set up simple practical enquiries, comparative tests, and fair tests, understanding the importance of changing only one variable at a time"},"needs":[{"concept":"simple-tests-and-experiments","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fair-testing-age-8","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Fair testing (age 8+)"},"summary":{"en":"Plan and carry out fair tests in which variables are controlled and failure points are considered to identify aspects of a model or prototype that can be improved"},"needs":[{"concept":"comparing-possible-solutions","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fair-testing-age-9","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Fair testing (age 9+)"},"summary":{"en":"Use test results to make predictions and set up further comparative and fair tests to investigate new questions"},"needs":[{"concept":"drawing-conclusions-from-evidence","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"controlling-variables","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"describing-rules-and-patterns","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fair-trade-and-ethics","subject":"life-skills","names":{"en":"Fair Trade & Ethics"},"summary":{"en":"Where products come from and who makes them; that people around the world produce what we buy; fair pay for workers; making ethical choices as consumers"},"needs":[{"concept":"needs-and-wants","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"buying-things","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fairness-equality-and-equity","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Fairness, Equality and Equity"},"summary":{"en":"Understand what fairness means and why it matters — recognising that fair doesn't always mean equal (everyone getting the same) but can mean equitable (everyone getting what they need), and applying this understanding in group situations"},"needs":[{"concept":"seeing-someone-else-s-point-of-view","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"vocabulary-social-awareness","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fall-of-ancient-egyptian-civilisation","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Fall of Ancient Egyptian Civilisation"},"summary":{"en":"Trace the end of ancient Egyptian civilisation through its successive conquests — Assyrian, Persian, Macedonian (Alexander the Great), and finally Roman — and explain how each conqueror was simultaneously shaped by Egyptian culture; examine Cleopatra VII as the last pharaoh and as a multilingual political strategist; and consider what survives of ancient Egypt in modern culture, religion, and language"},"needs":[{"concept":"egypt-and-its-neighbours","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"the-pharaoh-as-living-god","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[13,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fall-of-the-roman-republic","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Fall of the Roman Republic"},"summary":{"en":"Trace how Roman political violence — the murder of the Gracchi brothers, civil wars between Marius and Sulla, Caesar's crossing of the Rubicon and assassination on the Ides of March, and the final war between Octavian and Antony — destroyed the Republic and led to one-man rule under Augustus, and debate whether the fall of the Republic was inevitable or a series of choices"},"needs":[{"concept":"evidence-for-greek-and-roman-life","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"roman-republic-and-empire","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fall-of-the-western-roman-empire","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Fall of the Western Roman Empire"},"summary":{"en":"Describe how the Western Roman Empire gradually declined due to a combination of factors — military pressure from invading peoples, political instability, economic problems, and an overstretched empire — and finally fell in AD 476, while the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire continued for nearly a thousand more years"},"needs":[{"concept":"roman-republic-and-empire","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"famous-dinosaur-species","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Famous Dinosaur Species"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise and name common well-known dinosaur species: Tyrannosaurus rex, Triceratops, Stegosaurus, and Brachiosaurus/Diplodocus, describing a basic feature of each"},"needs":[{"concept":"dinosaurs-were-real","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"famous-eruptions-and-pangaea","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Famous Eruptions & Pangaea"},"summary":{"en":"Know about famous eruptions and their global effects: Mount St Helens (1980), Eyjafjallajökull (2010), and how large eruptions can affect weather and climate worldwide; understand that continents were once joined (Pangaea) and have slowly drifted apart"},"needs":[{"concept":"plate-boundaries","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"eruption-types-and-volcano-shape","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"pompeii-and-vesuvius","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"tectonic-plates","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fast-and-slow-earth-changes","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Fast & Slow Earth Changes"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that Earth's surface changes: some changes are quick (eruptions, earthquakes) and some are slow (wind, water wearing away rock)"},"needs":[{"concept":"what-is-an-earthquake","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"what-is-a-volcano","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"feeling-of-not-understanding","subject":"learning-to-learn","names":{"en":"Feeling of not understanding"},"summary":{"en":"Notice the feeling of not understanding — recognise when something is confusing rather than reading or listening past it"},"needs":[{"concept":"asking-for-help","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"feelings-change-and-differ","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Feelings Change and Differ"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that everyone has feelings, that feelings change throughout the day, and that the same event can make different people feel different things"},"needs":[{"concept":"naming-basic-emotions","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"feelings-versus-actions","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Feelings Versus Actions"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that feelings and actions are separate — you can feel something strongly without having to act on it straight away"},"needs":[{"concept":"naming-your-feelings","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"vocabulary-self","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"figurative-language-and-literary-devices","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Figurative Language and Literary Devices"},"summary":{"en":"Determine the meaning of figurative and connotative language in context, analyse the impact of specific word choices on meaning and tone, and identify literary devices such as metaphor, simile, personification, allusion, and irony"},"needs":[{"concept":"using-and-evaluating-textual-evidence","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"how-language-choices-affect-the-reader","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"financial-planning","subject":"life-skills","names":{"en":"Financial Planning"},"summary":{"en":"Setting longer-term financial goals; planning and prioritising spending; how saving regularly adds up over time; the value of thinking ahead with money"},"needs":[{"concept":"budgeting-pocket-money","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"banks-and-saving","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"finding-a-missing-number-in-addition","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Finding a missing number in addition"},"summary":{"en":"Understand subtraction as finding an unknown addend (e.g. 10 − 8 = ? is the same as 8 + ? = 10)"},"needs":[{"concept":"addition-as-combining-or-putting-together-two","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"subtraction-as-taking-away-or-separating","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"finding-efficient-methods","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Finding efficient methods"},"summary":{"en":"Notice when a calculation or pattern repeats and use this to count more efficiently or predict results"},"needs":[{"concept":"counting-in-2s","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"one-more-each-time","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"finding-exoplanets","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Finding Exoplanets"},"summary":{"en":"Describe how astronomers detect planets around other stars using transit photometry (dip in starlight as a planet crosses) and radial velocity (Doppler wobble of the star), explain the habitable zone concept, and discuss what atmospheric biosignatures — such as oxygen, methane, and water vapour detected together — would suggest about a planet"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-solar-system-age-11","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"the-vast-scale-of-space","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"finding-halves-and-quarters-age-5","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Finding halves and quarters (age 5+)"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise, find, and name a quarter as one of four equal parts of an object, shape, or quantity"},"needs":[{"concept":"what-is-a-half","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"finding-knowledge-gaps","subject":"learning-to-learn","names":{"en":"Finding Knowledge Gaps"},"summary":{"en":"Survey your own understanding of a whole topic — identify where your knowledge is solid, where it is shaky, and what still needs work"},"needs":[{"concept":"choosing-a-strategy","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"reflecting-after-learning","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"finding-patterns-in-data","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Finding patterns in data"},"summary":{"en":"Analyse and interpret data from maps to describe patterns of Earth's features, recognising that many features result from processes that occur over long periods"},"needs":[{"concept":"rock-layers-and-earth-s-history","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"types-of-rocks","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"shapes-of-land-and-water","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"erosion-and-weathering","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"finding-theme-and-summarising","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Finding Theme and Summarising"},"summary":{"en":"Determine the theme of a story, drama, or poem from details in the text, and provide an objective summary that captures the key events without personal opinions"},"needs":[{"concept":"morals-in-fables-folktales-and-myths","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"main-ideas-and-note-taking","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"finite-resources-and-recycling","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Finite Resources & Recycling"},"summary":{"en":"Explain that many raw materials (metals, fossil fuels, minerals) are finite resources, describe the environmental costs of extraction, and evaluate the benefits of recycling and the circular economy"},"needs":[{"concept":"earth-s-atmosphere-and-co2","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"the-reactivity-series","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"first-quadrant-coordinates","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"First Quadrant Coordinates"},"summary":{"en":"Describe positions on a 2-D grid as coordinates in the first quadrant"},"needs":[{"concept":"position-direction-and-movement","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"firsthand-and-secondhand-accounts","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Firsthand and Secondhand Accounts"},"summary":{"en":"Compare and contrast a firsthand account (autobiography, diary, letter) with a secondhand account (biography, textbook, news report) of the same event or topic, identifying differences in focus and information provided"},"needs":[{"concept":"why-the-author-wrote-it","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fixing-fragments-and-run-ons","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Fixing Fragments & Run-Ons"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise and correct sentence fragments (incomplete sentences lacking a subject or predicate) and run-on sentences (two or more independent clauses joined without proper punctuation or conjunctions)"},"needs":[{"concept":"building-sentences","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"subordinate-clauses","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"flat-vs-solid-shapes","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Flat vs Solid Shapes"},"summary":{"en":"Distinguish two-dimensional (flat) shapes from three-dimensional (solid) shapes"},"needs":[{"concept":"2-d-shapes","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"3-d-shapes","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fluent-adding-and-subtracting-within-10","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Fluent adding and subtracting within 10"},"summary":{"en":"Fluently add and subtract within 10"},"needs":[{"concept":"number-bonds-to-9","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"fluent-adding-and-subtracting-within-5","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fluent-adding-and-subtracting-within-100","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Fluent adding and subtracting within 100"},"summary":{"en":"Fluently add and subtract within 100 using strategies based on place value, properties of operations, and the relationship between addition and subtraction"},"needs":[{"concept":"adding-within-100","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"fluent-adding-and-subtracting-within-20","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fluent-adding-and-subtracting-within-1000","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Fluent adding and subtracting within 1000"},"summary":{"en":"Fluently add and subtract within 1000 using strategies and algorithms based on place value, properties of operations, and the relationship between addition and subtraction"},"needs":[{"concept":"addition-and-subtraction-within-1000","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"adding-and-subtracting-age-7","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fluent-adding-and-subtracting-within-20","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Fluent adding and subtracting within 20"},"summary":{"en":"Fluently add and subtract within 20 using mental strategies; know from memory all sums of two one-digit numbers"},"needs":[{"concept":"addition-and-subtraction-within-20","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"fluent-adding-and-subtracting-within-10","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fluent-adding-and-subtracting-within-5","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Fluent adding and subtracting within 5"},"summary":{"en":"Fluently add and subtract within 5"},"needs":[{"concept":"addition-as-combining-or-putting-together-two","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"subtraction-as-taking-away-or-separating","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fluent-addition-and-subtraction","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Fluent addition and subtraction"},"summary":{"en":"Recall and use addition and subtraction facts to 20 fluently, and derive and use related facts up to 100"},"needs":[{"concept":"addition-and-subtraction-within-20","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"the-two-digits-of-a-two-digit-number","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fluent-addition-and-subtraction-age-9","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Fluent addition and subtraction (age 9+)"},"summary":{"en":"Fluently add and subtract whole numbers with more than four digits using the standard columnar algorithm"},"needs":[{"concept":"adding-and-subtracting-age-8","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fluent-multiplication-and-division-facts","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Fluent multiplication and division facts"},"summary":{"en":"Fluently multiply and divide within 100 using strategies such as the relationship between multiplication and division"},"needs":[{"concept":"division-as-unknown-factor","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"times-tables","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"times-tables-age-7","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"food-chains-and-energy-transfer","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Food Chains & Energy Transfer"},"summary":{"en":"Construct and interpret food chains identifying producers, predators, and prey, and understand energy transfer between trophic levels"},"needs":[{"concept":"rainforest-food-webs","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"animal-nutrition","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"simple-food-chains","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"ecology-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"ocean-food-webs","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"food-webs-and-interdependence","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Food Webs & Interdependence"},"summary":{"en":"Construct and interpret food webs showing the interdependence of organisms in an ecosystem, explaining how a change in one population affects others"},"needs":[{"concept":"ecology-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"food-chains-and-energy-transfer","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"reading-food-web-diagrams","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"force-and-motion-vocabulary","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Force & Motion Vocabulary"},"summary":{"en":"Use technical vocabulary for force and motion — balanced forces, unbalanced forces, resultant force, acceleration, deceleration, speed, moment, lever, fulcrum, mechanical advantage — and apply these when explaining and predicting how forces affect the motion and position of objects"},"needs":[],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"forces-vocabulary","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Forces Vocabulary"},"summary":{"en":"Name and describe forces using precise vocabulary — force, push, pull, twist, stretch, squash, contact force, non-contact force, gravity, weight, friction, air resistance, upthrust — and distinguish between forces that require physical contact and forces that act at a distance"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"formal-and-informal-english","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Formal and Informal English"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise and compare formal and informal uses of English, understanding that language choices vary based on audience, purpose and context"},"needs":[{"concept":"describing-aloud","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"using-new-vocabulary","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"formal-debates","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Formal Debates"},"summary":{"en":"Participate in formal debates and structured discussions — presenting a position with supporting evidence, responding to others’ points, summarising and building on what has been said, and following rules of discussion"},"needs":[{"concept":"persuasive-writing","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"speaking-formally-and-giving-presentations","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"forming-capital-letters","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Forming Capital Letters"},"summary":{"en":"Form capital letters correctly; print many upper- and lowercase letters legibly"},"needs":[{"concept":"sitting-and-holding-a-pencil","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"forms-of-poetry-and-performance","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Forms of Poetry and Performance"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise different forms of poetry (free verse, narrative poetry, haiku) and discuss their features; prepare poems and play scripts to read aloud and perform with understanding through intonation, tone, volume and action"},"needs":[{"concept":"reading-with-expression-and-accuracy","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"writing-poetry","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fossilised-dinosaur-dung","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Fossilised Dinosaur Dung"},"summary":{"en":"Describe what coprolites are (fossilised dinosaur dung) and how palaeontologists analyse them to discover what dinosaurs ate, including plant fragments, bones, and seeds"},"needs":[{"concept":"types-of-fossils","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"plant-eaters-vs-meat-eaters","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fossils-and-palaeontologists","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Fossils & Palaeontologists"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that fossils are the remains of ancient living things preserved in rock, and that scientists called palaeontologists study fossils to learn about dinosaurs"},"needs":[{"concept":"dinosaurs-were-real","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fossils-as-evidence","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Fossils as Evidence"},"summary":{"en":"Analyse and interpret data from fossils to provide evidence of organisms and environments that existed long ago"},"needs":[{"concept":"fossils-reveal-ancient-environments","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"evolution-vocabulary","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"how-fossils-form-science","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"representing-numbers-with-objects-age-8","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"living-dead-and-never-alive","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fossils-reveal-ancient-environments","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Fossils Reveal Ancient Environments"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that fossils tell us not only about ancient animals but also about ancient environments — for example, marine fossils found on a mountaintop show that area was once underwater"},"needs":[{"concept":"fossils-and-palaeontologists","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"four-types-of-sentences","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Four Types of Sentences"},"summary":{"en":"Understand and use the four sentence types — statement, question, exclamation, and command — recognising how grammatical patterns indicate sentence function"},"needs":[{"concept":"building-sentences","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"starting-and-ending-sentences","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fraction-addition-concepts","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Fraction Addition Concepts"},"summary":{"en":"Understand addition and subtraction of fractions as joining and separating parts; decompose a fraction into a sum of fractions with the same denominator in more than one way"},"needs":[{"concept":"understanding-fractions-age-9","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"adding-fractions-same-denominator","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fraction-decimal-equivalents","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Fraction-Decimal Equivalents"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise and write decimal equivalents of 1/4, 1/2, and 3/4"},"needs":[{"concept":"equivalent-fractions-on-a-number-line","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"decimal-equivalents-of-tenths-and-hundredths","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fraction-notation","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Fraction Notation"},"summary":{"en":"Read, write, and use fraction notation correctly — fraction, numerator, denominator, unit fraction, non-unit fraction, proper fraction, improper fraction, mixed number, equivalent fraction, simplest form — and understand what each term describes, including the roles of the numerator and denominator in expressing parts of a whole"},"needs":[],"ages":[6,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fraction-word-problems","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Fraction Word Problems"},"summary":{"en":"Solve word problems involving addition and subtraction of fractions with unlike denominators, using visual models and benchmark fractions to estimate and assess reasonableness"},"needs":[{"concept":"adding-fractions-unlike-denominators","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"addition-and-subtraction-word-problems-maths","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fractions-as-parts-of-shapes","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Fractions as parts of shapes"},"summary":{"en":"Partition shapes into parts with equal areas and express the area of each part as a unit fraction of the whole"},"needs":[{"concept":"fractions-of-a-whole","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"splitting-shapes-into-equal-parts-age-7","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fractions-decimals-and-percentages","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Fractions, Decimals & Percentages"},"summary":{"en":"Look for and use mathematical structure: exploit the relationship between fractions, decimals, and percentages; use factor pairs to simplify multiplication; apply angle facts to find unknowns; use properties of regular polygons systematically"},"needs":[{"concept":"factors-multiples-and-primes","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"using-mathematical-structure","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"angle-sum-rules","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"spotting-patterns","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fractions-of-a-whole","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Fractions of a whole"},"summary":{"en":"Understand a fraction 1/b as the quantity formed by 1 part when a whole is partitioned into b equal parts; understand a/b as a parts of size 1/b"},"needs":[{"concept":"fractions-of-amounts","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"fraction-notation","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"splitting-shapes-into-equal-parts-age-7","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fractions-of-a-whole-age-10","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Fractions of a whole (age 10+)"},"summary":{"en":"Interpret a fraction as division of the numerator by the denominator (a/b = a ÷ b); solve word problems involving division of whole numbers leading to fractional or mixed-number answers"},"needs":[{"concept":"multiplying-fractions","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"division-with-remainders-age-10","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fractions-of-a-whole-age-8","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Fractions of a whole (age 8+)"},"summary":{"en":"Express whole numbers as fractions (e.g. 3 = 3/1) and recognise fractions equivalent to whole numbers (e.g. 4/4 = 1, 6/1 = 6)"},"needs":[{"concept":"fractions-of-a-whole","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fractions-of-a-whole-age-9","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Fractions of a whole (age 9+)"},"summary":{"en":"Solve word problems involving multiplication of a fraction by a whole number using visual models and equations"},"needs":[{"concept":"multiplying-fractions","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fractions-of-amounts","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Fractions of amounts"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise, find, name, and write fractions 1/3, 1/4, 2/4, and 3/4 of a length, shape, set of objects, or quantity"},"needs":[{"concept":"finding-halves-and-quarters-age-5","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"what-is-a-half","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"division-as-equal-sharing","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"fraction-notation","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fractions-of-amounts-harder","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Fractions of amounts (harder)"},"summary":{"en":"Solve problems involving increasingly harder fractions to calculate quantities, including non-unit fractions where the answer is a whole number"},"needs":[{"concept":"adding-fractions-same-denominator","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"unit-fractions","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fractions-on-a-number-line","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Fractions on a number line"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise and use fractions as numbers: place unit fractions and non-unit fractions with small denominators on a number line"},"needs":[{"concept":"fractions-of-amounts","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"tenths","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fractions-on-a-number-line-2","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Fractions on a number line"},"summary":{"en":"Solve word problems involving distances, time intervals, liquid volumes, masses, and money using the four operations with fractions or decimals; represent with diagrams including number lines"},"needs":[{"concept":"estimating-and-comparing-money","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"decimals-for-tenths-and-hundredths","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"converting-measurement-units-age-9","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fractions-on-a-number-line-3","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Fractions on a number line"},"summary":{"en":"Understand and use place value for decimals, measures, and integers of any size; extend the number system to include all positive and negative integers, decimals, and fractions on a single number line"},"needs":[{"concept":"reading-and-writing-numbers-to-10-000-000","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fractions-on-a-number-line-age-11","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Fractions on a number line (age 11+)"},"summary":{"en":"Order positive and negative integers, decimals, and fractions on a number line; use the symbols =, ≠, <, >, ≤, ≥ to compare values including negative numbers and mixed representations"},"needs":[{"concept":"positive-and-negative-numbers","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"fractions-on-a-number-line-3","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"measuring-temperature","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fractions-on-a-number-line-age-8","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Fractions on a number line (age 8+)"},"summary":{"en":"Represent fractions on a number line: partition the interval 0 to 1 into b equal parts to locate 1/b, then mark off a lengths of 1/b from 0 to locate a/b"},"needs":[{"concept":"fractions-on-a-number-line","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"fractions-of-a-whole","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fractions-on-a-number-line-age-9","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Fractions on a number line (age 9+)"},"summary":{"en":"Move fluently between real-world situations, diagrams, number lines, bar models, and symbolic equations involving multi-digit multiplication, fractions, decimals, and percentages, explaining connections between representations"},"needs":[{"concept":"fractions-on-a-number-line-maths","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"long-multiplication","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"understanding-percentages","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fractions-on-a-number-line-maths","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Fractions on a number line"},"summary":{"en":"Move fluently between real-world situations, diagrams, number lines, and symbolic equations involving multiplication, fractions, and decimals, explaining what each representation shows"},"needs":[{"concept":"area-and-the-distributive-property","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"understanding-fractions-2","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"decimal-equivalents-of-tenths-and-hundredths","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"friction-and-surfaces","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Friction & Surfaces"},"summary":{"en":"Compare how things move on different surfaces, noticing that some surfaces create more friction than others"},"needs":[{"concept":"pushes-and-pulls","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"forces-vocabulary","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"friendships-change-over-time","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Friendships change over time"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that friendships change over time — that it's normal for friends to drift apart or for new friendships to form — and develop strategies for making new friends and handling friendship changes without feeling like something is wrong with them"},"needs":[{"concept":"makes-someone-a-good-friend","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"resolving-disagreements-with-friends","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"fronted-adverbials-and-commas","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Fronted Adverbials and Commas"},"summary":{"en":"Use fronted adverbials to vary sentence openings and punctuate them with commas"},"needs":[{"concept":"commas-in-lists","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"expressing-time-place-and-cause","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"galaxies-and-the-universe","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Galaxies and the universe"},"summary":{"en":"Describe the scale of the universe, including the structure of galaxies, the position of the Sun in the Milky Way, and the use of light years as a unit of distance, and appreciate why space exploration requires enormous timescales"},"needs":[{"concept":"earth-and-space-vocabulary","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"universal-gravitation","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"star-brightness-and-distance","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"gas-exchange-and-breathing","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Gas Exchange & Breathing"},"summary":{"en":"Describe the structure of the human gas exchange system (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli) and explain how the mechanism of breathing — using pressure changes from rib and diaphragm movement — moves air in and out of the lungs"},"needs":[{"concept":"cells-to-organ-systems","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"how-diffusion-works","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"generalising-patterns","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Generalising Patterns"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise and use repeated reasoning to generalise: spot calculation patterns, describe rules for sequences, and predict results using known mathematical facts"},"needs":[{"concept":"10-more-or-10-less","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"addition-and-subtraction-within-20","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"finding-efficient-methods","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"generalising-with-repeated-reasoning","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Generalising with repeated reasoning"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise and use repeated reasoning to generalise: describe algebraic rules for nth terms, use properties of operations to simplify, and verify generalisations with specific cases"},"needs":[{"concept":"angles-in-triangles-age-10","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"describing-rules-and-patterns","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"linear-number-sequences","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"reasoning-with-equivalences","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"generating-sequences","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Generating Sequences"},"summary":{"en":"Generate terms of a sequence from a term-to-term rule (e.g., 'add 3 each time') or a position-to-term rule (e.g., '2n + 1'), and identify whether a sequence is arithmetic, geometric, or neither"},"needs":[{"concept":"linear-number-sequences","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"substituting-into-formulae","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"genetic-mutation","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Genetic Mutation"},"summary":{"en":"Explain genetic mutation as a random change in DNA sequence, describe causes of mutation (e.g. radiation, chemicals, copying errors), and explain that most mutations are neutral, some harmful, and a few beneficial"},"needs":[{"concept":"chromosomes-genes-and-dna","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"geography-and-local-weather","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Geography & Local Weather"},"summary":{"en":"Know that different places around the world have very different typical weather — tropical places are hot and wet all year, deserts are very dry, polar regions are freezing cold — and that geography (distance from the equator, altitude, nearness to the sea) affects local weather"},"needs":[{"concept":"seasons-and-weather-patterns","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"types-of-weather","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"giving-and-receiving-feedback","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Giving and Receiving Feedback"},"summary":{"en":"Give and receive constructive feedback — telling someone what they did well and what could be improved in a way that is helpful rather than hurtful, and receiving feedback about their own work without becoming defensive"},"needs":[{"concept":"communication-vocabulary","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"working-well-in-a-group","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"assertive-communication","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"engaging-listeners-and-valuing-viewpoints","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"giving-change","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Giving Change"},"summary":{"en":"Add and subtract amounts of money to give change, using both £ and p in practical contexts"},"needs":[{"concept":"money-addition-and-subtraction","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"pounds-and-pence-notation","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"glaciers-and-ice-sheets","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Glaciers & Ice Sheets"},"summary":{"en":"Understand how glaciers and ice sheets form and behave — snow accumulates over centuries and compresses into dense ice, glaciers flow slowly downhill under their own weight carving U-shaped valleys and depositing moraines; the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets together hold enough ice to raise sea levels by over 65 metres; and ice cores drilled from these sheets contain trapped air bubbles that reveal Earth's climate history going back 800,000 years"},"needs":[{"concept":"ice-and-states-of-matter","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"gladiators-and-pompeii","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Gladiators & Pompeii"},"summary":{"en":"Know that Romans watched gladiators fight in huge arenas like the Colosseum in Rome, that gladiators were usually enslaved people or prisoners trained to fight, and that the city of Pompeii was buried by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79, preserving an extraordinary snapshot of Roman daily life"},"needs":[{"concept":"daily-life-in-a-roman-town","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"roman-army-and-conquest-of-britain","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"what-is-a-volcano","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"global-citizenship","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Global Citizenship"},"summary":{"en":"Understand what it means to be a citizen in an interconnected world where decisions in one place affect people elsewhere; explore global issues (climate justice, forced migration, global health, poverty) through an empathy lens, distinguishing facts from value judgements; engage with the ethical tension between obligations to those close to us and obligations to distant strangers; introduce evidence-based giving and effective altruism as one framework for thinking about global responsibility; develop a personal, reasoned stance on global citizenship that acknowledges complexity"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-world-contains-many-cultures-traditions","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"systemic-inequality-and-allyship","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"sympathy-versus-empathy","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[13,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"global-trade","subject":"life-skills","names":{"en":"Global Trade"},"summary":{"en":"Why countries trade with each other; imports and exports; how goods travel around the world; that different countries use different currencies"},"needs":[{"concept":"fair-trade-and-ethics","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"how-the-economy-works","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"global-wind-patterns","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Global Wind Patterns"},"summary":{"en":"Explain that unequal solar heating drives large-scale atmospheric circulation: Hadley cells (0-30°), Ferrel cells (30-60°), and polar cells (60-90°) produce the trade winds, westerlies, and polar easterlies; describe how the Coriolis effect from Earth's rotation deflects winds rightward in the Northern Hemisphere; explain the jet stream as a fast high-altitude wind that steers weather systems; connect jet stream waviness and Arctic amplification to prolonged extreme weather"},"needs":[{"concept":"climate-zones","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"gods-and-the-parthenon","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Gods & the Parthenon"},"summary":{"en":"Name the major Greek gods and their roles — Zeus (king, thunder), Hera (queen, marriage), Athena (wisdom, warfare), Poseidon (sea), Apollo (sun, music), Artemis (hunting, moon), Ares (war), Aphrodite (love), Hermes (messengers), Hephaestus (fire, crafts), Hades (underworld) — and know that the Parthenon in Athens was a grand temple built to honour Athena"},"needs":[{"concept":"greek-gods-and-mount-olympus","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"good-stress-and-bad-stress","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Good Stress and Bad Stress"},"summary":{"en":"Distinguish between eustress (the productive, motivating kind of stress) and distress (harmful, overwhelming stress); explain the physiological stress response (fight-flight-freeze, HPA axis) and how chronic stress affects the body and mind; identify common adolescent stressors (academic pressure, social comparison, physical change, uncertainty about the future); evaluate evidence-based coping strategies (exercise, sleep, mindfulness, social support, expressive writing); recognise warning signs that stress has crossed into anxiety or depression and know where to get help"},"needs":[{"concept":"resilience-and-bouncing-back","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"choosing-the-right-coping-strategy","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"goods-and-services","subject":"life-skills","names":{"en":"Goods & Services"},"summary":{"en":"Some people make things (goods) and some people do things for others (services); recognising both in everyday life and understanding that both have value"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"grammar-for-effect","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Grammar for Effect"},"summary":{"en":"Analyse the effectiveness and impact of grammatical features in texts read — understanding how authors make deliberate grammatical choices (sentence length, passive voice, fronted adverbials, listing) to create specific effects on the reader"},"needs":[{"concept":"text-features-and-presentation","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"verb-voice-and-mood","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"types-of-sentences","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"grammar-terms-clauses-and-conjunctions","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Grammar Terms: Clauses and Conjunctions"},"summary":{"en":"Use and understand Year 3 grammatical terminology accurately when discussing reading and writing: preposition, conjunction, word family, prefix, clause, subordinate clause, direct speech, consonant letter, vowel letter, inverted commas/speech marks"},"needs":[{"concept":"grammar-terms-nouns-verbs-and-tense","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"subordinate-clauses","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"grammar-terms-modal-verbs-and-clauses","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Grammar Terms: Modal Verbs and Clauses"},"summary":{"en":"Know and use Year 5 grammar terminology accurately when discussing reading and writing: modal verb, relative pronoun, relative clause, parenthesis, bracket, dash, cohesion, ambiguity"},"needs":[{"concept":"grammar-terms-pronouns-and-determiners","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"grammar-terms-nouns-verbs-and-tense","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Grammar Terms: Nouns, Verbs and Tense"},"summary":{"en":"Use and understand Year 2 grammatical terminology in discussion: noun, noun phrase, statement, question, exclamation, command, compound, suffix, adjective, adverb, verb, tense (past/present), apostrophe, comma"},"needs":[{"concept":"expanded-noun-phrases","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"apostrophes-contraction-and-possession","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"commas-in-lists","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"grammar-words-letter-word-sentence","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"four-types-of-sentences","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"grammar-terms-pronouns-and-determiners","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Grammar Terms: Pronouns and Determiners"},"summary":{"en":"Know and use Year 4 grammar terminology including determiner, pronoun, possessive pronoun, and adverbial"},"needs":[{"concept":"grammar-terms-clauses-and-conjunctions","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"grammar-terms-nouns-verbs-and-tense","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"grammar-terms-voice-and-punctuation","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Grammar Terms: Voice and Punctuation"},"summary":{"en":"Know and use Year 6 grammatical terminology accurately: subject, object, active voice, passive voice, synonym, antonym, ellipsis, hyphen, colon, semi-colon, bullet points"},"needs":[{"concept":"active-and-passive-voice","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"grammar-terms-modal-verbs-and-clauses","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"grammar-words-letter-word-sentence","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Grammar words: letter, word, sentence"},"summary":{"en":"Use basic grammatical terminology when discussing reading and writing: letter, capital letter, word, singular, plural, sentence, punctuation, full stop, question mark, exclamation mark"},"needs":[{"concept":"building-sentences","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"starting-and-ending-sentences","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"gravity-and-falling-objects","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Gravity & Falling Objects"},"summary":{"en":"Explain that unsupported objects fall towards the Earth because of the force of gravity acting between the Earth and the falling object"},"needs":[{"concept":"balanced-and-unbalanced-forces","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"forces-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"drawing-force-diagrams","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"contact-and-non-contact-forces","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"gravity-pulls-things-down","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Gravity Pulls Things Down"},"summary":{"en":"Understand gravity as a force that pulls objects towards the centre of the Earth, that 'down' means towards Earth’s centre regardless of where you stand on the sphere, and that gravity keeps the Moon orbiting Earth and planets orbiting the Sun"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-solar-system","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"earth-s-spin-and-orbit","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"greek-and-latin-roots-for-word-meaning","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Greek and Latin Roots for Word Meaning"},"summary":{"en":"Use knowledge of Greek and Latin affixes (prefixes and suffixes) and roots as clues to determine the meaning of unfamiliar words, building a bank of common roots and their meanings"},"needs":[{"concept":"word-families-and-root-words","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"prefixes-age-7","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"greek-and-roman-architecture","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Greek and Roman Architecture"},"summary":{"en":"Identify Greek column styles — Doric (plain and sturdy), Ionic (scroll-shaped capitals), and Corinthian (ornate leafy capitals) — and Roman architectural innovations — the arch, the dome, and concrete — and spot their influence in modern public buildings such as courthouses, museums, government buildings, and monuments"},"needs":[{"concept":"daily-life-in-a-roman-town","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"gods-and-the-parthenon","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"greek-and-roman-legacy-today","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Greek and Roman Legacy Today"},"summary":{"en":"Evaluate the lasting contributions of Greek and Roman civilisations to modern life — democracy, law, language (Latin roots), architecture (columns, arches, domes), sport (Olympics), philosophy, literature, and theatre — and understand that Greek ideas reached us through Rome, and then through later European civilisations, in a chain of cultural transmission"},"needs":[{"concept":"greek-philosophers-and-medicine","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"ancient-egypt-s-lasting-legacy","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"greek-and-roman-architecture","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"roman-law-latin-and-christianity","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"alexander-the-great-s-empire","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"greek-gods-and-mount-olympus","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Greek gods & Mount Olympus"},"summary":{"en":"Know that the ancient Greeks believed in many gods and goddesses who lived on Mount Olympus — including Zeus (king of the gods, thunder), Athena (wisdom), Poseidon (the sea), Hermes (messages), and Aphrodite (love) — and that each god had special powers and a role in the world"},"needs":[{"concept":"egyptian-gods-and-the-afterlife","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"ancient-greece-and-rome-on-the-map","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"greek-gods-with-roman-names","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Greek Gods with Roman Names"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that the Romans adopted the Greek gods but gave them new names — Zeus became Jupiter, Hera became Juno, Ares became Mars, Athena became Minerva, Poseidon became Neptune, Aphrodite became Venus — and that this shows how deeply Rome was influenced by Greek culture"},"needs":[{"concept":"roman-army-and-conquest-of-britain","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"gods-and-the-parthenon","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"greek-myths-and-heroes","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Greek Myths and Heroes"},"summary":{"en":"Retell at least one Greek myth involving a hero and a monster — such as Theseus and the Minotaur in the labyrinth, Heracles (Hercules) and the lion, or Perseus and Medusa — and understand that these were stories ancient Greeks told to explain the world and teach lessons"},"needs":[{"concept":"greek-gods-and-mount-olympus","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"greek-philosophers-and-medicine","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Greek Philosophers and Medicine"},"summary":{"en":"Know that Greek thinkers called philosophers developed ways of understanding the world that still influence us today — Socrates asked challenging questions to test ideas (the Socratic method), Plato imagined the ideal society, Aristotle observed and classified the natural world — and that Hippocrates is called the father of medicine for insisting on natural causes of illness rather than blaming the gods"},"needs":[{"concept":"athenian-democracy","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"athens-versus-sparta","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"greek-theatre","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Greek theatre"},"summary":{"en":"Know that the ancient Greeks invented theatre, performing tragedies and comedies in large open-air amphitheatres with actors wearing masks — and that plays were performed as part of religious festivals honouring the god Dionysus, with audiences of thousands"},"needs":[{"concept":"athens-versus-sparta","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"gods-and-the-parthenon","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"greenhouse-gas-science","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Greenhouse Gas Science"},"summary":{"en":"Describe the electromagnetic spectrum and distinguish between short-wave solar radiation and long-wave infrared radiation emitted by Earth; explain how greenhouse gas molecules (CO2, CH4, N2O, H2O) absorb and re-emit infrared through molecular vibration while O2 and N2 do not; distinguish the natural greenhouse effect (which makes Earth habitable) from the enhanced greenhouse effect driven by human emissions; evaluate the relative potency of different greenhouse gases"},"needs":[{"concept":"global-wind-patterns","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"sun-driven-weather-systems","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"group-discussions","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Group discussions"},"summary":{"en":"Participate actively in collaborative conversations staying on topic; continue a conversation through multiple exchanges; maintain attention in discussions"},"needs":[{"concept":"listening-and-responding","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"exploring-ideas-through-talk","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[4,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"grouping-living-things","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Grouping Living Things"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise that living things can be grouped in a variety of ways based on observable features"},"needs":[{"concept":"animal-classification-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"not-all-minibeasts-are-insects","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"classifying-ocean-animals","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"classifying-rainforest-organisms","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"local-plants-and-animals","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"naming-common-animals","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"grouping-materials","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Grouping Materials"},"summary":{"en":"Compare and group everyday materials based on their simple physical properties"},"needs":[{"concept":"describing-material-properties","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"grouping-numbers-to-add","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Grouping numbers to add"},"summary":{"en":"Understand and apply the associative property of addition: when adding three numbers, any two can be added first"},"needs":[{"concept":"addition-as-combining-or-putting-together-two","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"addition-in-any-order","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"grouping-species-using-dna","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Grouping Species Using DNA"},"summary":{"en":"Explain cladistics: organisms are grouped by shared derived characters, not just similarity; how phylogenetic trees are built using molecular data (DNA sequence alignment) and the molecular clock; explain why birds are technically a group within dinosaurs (crown Avemetatarsalia); distinguish convergent evolution (unrelated species evolving similar traits) from parallel evolution; introduce horizontal gene transfer and why the tree of life is more accurately a web; explain why classification systems keep changing as new data emerge"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-biodiversity-crisis","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"chromosomes-genes-and-dna","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"invasive-species","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[13,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"growing-up-and-puberty","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Growing Up & Puberty"},"summary":{"en":"Describe the stages of human development from birth to old age: baby, toddler, child, adolescent (puberty), young adult, middle-aged adult, elderly — understanding the physical changes that happen at each stage, especially during puberty"},"needs":[{"concept":"basic-body-needs","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"human-life-stages","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"balanced-diet-and-food-groups","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"growth-mindset","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Growth Mindset"},"summary":{"en":"Understand the concept of a growth mindset — that abilities and intelligence can grow with effort, practice, and good strategies — as opposed to a fixed mindset where you believe you're either good at something or you're not"},"needs":[{"concept":"vocabulary-resilience-and-self","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"learning-from-mistakes-personal-development","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"making-sense-of-problems","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"growth-through-adversity","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Growth Through Adversity"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that facing serious challenges can lead to genuine growth in three domains: new perspectives on life, improved relationships, and a strengthened sense of personal capability (post-traumatic growth); distinguish genuine growth from toxic positivity ('everything happens for a reason') and from denial; understand that resilience does not mean being unaffected by adversity but recovering and growing through it; develop a personal philosophy for handling setbacks based on meaning-making; explore how to support others going through serious difficulty without minimising their experience"},"needs":[{"concept":"habits-and-motivation","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"personal-coping-toolkit","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[13,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"guided-multi-step-problem-solving","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Guided Multi-Step Problem Solving"},"summary":{"en":"With teacher guidance, make sense of multi-step and more complex problems by planning a pathway to the solution, identifying relevant information, and choosing appropriate operations"},"needs":[{"concept":"feeling-of-not-understanding","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"addition-and-subtraction-within-20","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"planning-a-task","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"early-word-problems","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"making-sense-of-problems","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"gut-bacteria-and-digestion","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Gut Bacteria & Digestion"},"summary":{"en":"Explain the role of gut microbiome bacteria in digestion, including breaking down dietary fibre and contributing to a healthy gut environment"},"needs":[{"concept":"digestion-and-enzymes","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"habitat-vocabulary","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Habitat Vocabulary"},"summary":{"en":"Name and use vocabulary for where living things are found — habitat, environment, microhabitat, conditions, woodland, ocean, desert, rainforest, pond — and use terms to describe what animals need to survive: food, water, shelter, space, and suitable conditions"},"needs":[],"ages":[6,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"habitats-and-basic-needs","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Habitats & Basic Needs"},"summary":{"en":"Identify that most living things live in habitats to which they are suited and describe how habitats provide for basic needs and how organisms depend on each other"},"needs":[{"concept":"where-are-the-poles","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"habitat-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"what-is-a-rainforest","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"what-living-things-need","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"what-ocean-animals-need","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"animal-homes","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"living-dead-and-never-alive","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"minibeast-habitats","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[6,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"habits-and-motivation","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Habits and Motivation"},"summary":{"en":"Understand habit formation through the cue-routine-reward loop and how to design new habits intentionally; distinguish intrinsic motivation (doing something for its own value) from extrinsic motivation (rewards/punishments) and understand when each is more effective; understand procrastination as primarily an emotion regulation problem (avoiding discomfort) rather than a time management failure; apply self-determination theory (autonomy, competence, relatedness) to boost intrinsic motivation; design environments that reduce friction for desired behaviours"},"needs":[{"concept":"good-stress-and-bad-stress","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"personal-goal-setting","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"halves-and-quarters-age-7","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Halves and quarters (age 7+)"},"summary":{"en":"Solve word problems involving dollar bills, quarters, dimes, nickels, and pennies, using $ and ¢ symbols appropriately"},"needs":[{"concept":"fluent-adding-and-subtracting-within-100","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"halves-and-quarters-age-8","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Halves and quarters (age 8+)"},"summary":{"en":"Generate measurement data by measuring lengths to the nearest half and quarter inch; display the data on a line plot with a scale marked in whole numbers, halves, and quarters"},"needs":[{"concept":"measuring-and-plotting-lengths","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"fractions-of-a-whole","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"halves-and-quarters-of-shapes","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Halves & Quarters of Shapes"},"summary":{"en":"Partition circles and rectangles into two and four equal shares and describe them using the words halves, fourths, and quarters"},"needs":[{"concept":"finding-halves-and-quarters-age-5","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"what-is-a-half","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"hands-on-problem-solving","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Hands-On Problem Solving"},"summary":{"en":"Select and use familiar tools (concrete objects, fingers, ten frames) to help solve a mathematical problem"},"needs":[{"concept":"counting-objects-to-20","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"having-a-business-idea","subject":"life-skills","names":{"en":"Having a Business Idea"},"summary":{"en":"Where business ideas come from; spotting everyday problems and thinking of solutions; the difference between inventing something new and improving something that exists"},"needs":[{"concept":"making-something-to-sell","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"who-is-a-customer","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"hazard-assessment-and-evacuation","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Hazard Assessment & Evacuation"},"summary":{"en":"Explain probabilistic hazard assessment using eruption recurrence intervals and fault slip rates; describe how volcano observatories monitor ground deformation, gas emissions, and seismicity to issue alert levels; explore why communities remain near active hazards (fertile volcanic soil, poverty, cultural ties); discuss the ethics and politics of evacuation decisions and the social justice dimensions of disaster risk"},"needs":[{"concept":"earthquake-resistant-design","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"healthy-lifestyle-choices","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Healthy Lifestyle Choices"},"summary":{"en":"Understand how lifestyle choices affect the body’s health: a balanced diet, regular exercise, adequate sleep, and avoiding harmful substances (tobacco, alcohol, drugs) help body systems function well, while poor choices increase the risk of disease"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-immune-system","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"balanced-diet-and-food-groups","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"circulation-and-breathing-together","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"heart-and-blood-circulation","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Heart & Blood Circulation"},"summary":{"en":"Describe the circulatory system in detail: the heart has four chambers (two atria, two ventricles) that pump blood in a double loop — one to the lungs for oxygen and one to the rest of the body to deliver it — through arteries, veins, and tiny capillaries"},"needs":[{"concept":"cells-tissues-and-organs","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"the-heart-and-blood","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"heart-structure-and-double-circulation","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Heart Structure & Double Circulation"},"summary":{"en":"Describe the structure of the heart (four chambers, valves, coronary arteries) and explain how it pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the body in a double circulatory system"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-circulatory-system","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"gas-exchange-and-breathing","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"heating-and-cooling-changes","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Heating & Cooling Changes"},"summary":{"en":"Observe and describe that some materials change state when heated or cooled, and measure the temperature at which changes occur in degrees Celsius"},"needs":[{"concept":"states-of-matter-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"drawing-particle-diagrams","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"heating-experiments-and-q-mc-t","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Heating experiments and Q = mcΔT"},"summary":{"en":"Plan and carry out experiments to measure energy transferred during heating, including using the equation Q = mcΔT, recording temperature changes over time, and evaluating sources of error"},"needs":[{"concept":"efficiency-sankey-diagrams-and-work-done","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"helping-others-resolve-conflicts","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Helping Others Resolve Conflicts"},"summary":{"en":"Mediate conflicts between others — helping two friends who are arguing by listening to both sides, helping them see each other's perspective, and guiding them toward a fair resolution"},"needs":[{"concept":"seeing-someone-else-s-point-of-view","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"communication-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"resolving-disagreements-with-friends","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"roles-in-a-group","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"herbivores-carnivores-and-omnivores","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Herbivores, Carnivores & Omnivores"},"summary":{"en":"Classify common animals as carnivores (eat meat), herbivores (eat plants), or omnivores (eat both)"},"needs":[{"concept":"naming-common-animals","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"hidden-and-masked-feelings","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Hidden and Masked Feelings"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise that people sometimes hide or mask their true feelings — smiling when they're actually sad, or saying 'I'm fine' when they're not — and understand why someone might do this"},"needs":[{"concept":"expressing-feelings-with-words","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"mild-to-strong-emotions","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"hidden-voices-of-greece-and-rome","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Hidden Voices of Greece and Rome"},"summary":{"en":"Examine the lives of people usually left out of the Greek and Roman story — enslaved people who made up roughly 30% of Athens and powered Rome's economy, women whose lives varied dramatically between Athens (largely confined to the home) and Sparta (physical training, property ownership), and conquered peoples across both empires — and evaluate whose voices are missing from the historical record and why"},"needs":[{"concept":"athens-versus-sparta","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"understanding-people-in-their-own-time","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"evidence-for-greek-and-roman-life","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"roman-republic-and-empire","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"hieroglyphs-and-papyrus","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Hieroglyphs and Papyrus"},"summary":{"en":"Know that the ancient Egyptians used a special writing system called hieroglyphs — pictures and symbols that stood for sounds and words — and that they wrote on a paper-like material called papyrus, which was made from a plant that grew along the Nile"},"needs":[{"concept":"knowing-all-letters","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"everyday-life-in-ancient-egypt","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"vocabulary-ancient-egypt","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"historical-sources-on-ancient-egypt","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Historical Sources on Ancient Egypt"},"summary":{"en":"Explain how knowledge of ancient Egypt is built from multiple source types — inscriptions, papyri, artefacts, and physical remains — and critically evaluate each: what biases, gaps, and distortions exist? Explore how Champollion’s decipherment of hieroglyphs transformed the field, and why the same artefact can be interpreted differently by different scholars"},"needs":[{"concept":"evidence-versus-interpretation","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"inferring-characters-feelings-and-motives","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"scribes-and-the-rosetta-stone","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"checking-sources-against-each-other","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"homophones","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Homophones"},"summary":{"en":"Distinguish and correctly spell common homophones and near-homophones encountered at Y3-4 level (e.g., accept/except, affect/effect, brake/break, grate/great), including using the /eɪ/ sound spelt ei, eigh, or ey"},"needs":[{"concept":"phonics-vocabulary","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"alternative-spellings-for-sounds","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"reading-high-frequency-words-by-sight","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"homophones-age-9","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Homophones (age 9+)"},"summary":{"en":"Distinguish and correctly spell homophones and commonly confused words at Y5-6 level (e.g., affect/effect, practice/practise, advice/advise, complement/compliment, aisle/isle, led/lead), including confused words such as to/too/two and there/their/they're"},"needs":[{"concept":"homophones","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"honest-conversations-and-conflict-repair","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Honest Conversations and Conflict Repair"},"summary":{"en":"Understand how to have honest, direct conversations that address problems without attacking the person; apply the principles of non-violent communication (observation, feeling, need, request); understand the repair process after significant conflicts: taking responsibility without defensiveness, offering a genuine apology (without blame-shifting), and rebuilding trust through consistent behaviour over time; distinguish between a real apology and a face-saving 'sorry'; understand how friendships survive and deepen through navigated conflict rather than avoidance"},"needs":[{"concept":"helping-others-resolve-conflicts","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"social-cues-and-group-dynamics","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"how-animals-adapt-to-environments","subject":"science","names":{"en":"How animals adapt to environments"},"summary":{"en":"Identify how animals and plants are adapted to suit their environment and understand that adaptation may lead to evolution over time"},"needs":[{"concept":"ocean-animal-adaptations","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"life-changed-over-time","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"evolution-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"variation-and-survival-advantage","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"changing-environments","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"how-animals-have-babies","subject":"science","names":{"en":"How Animals Have Babies"},"summary":{"en":"Know that different animals have their babies in different ways — some lay eggs (birds, reptiles, fish, insects), some give birth to live young (most mammals) — and that babies may look like miniature adults or look very different from their parents"},"needs":[{"concept":"animals-everywhere","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"how-authors-support-their-points","subject":"english","names":{"en":"How authors support their points"},"summary":{"en":"Explain how an author of an informational text uses reasons and evidence to support particular points, evaluating whether the reasoning is sound and the evidence is relevant and sufficient"},"needs":[{"concept":"why-the-author-wrote-it","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"how-authors-treat-similar-themes","subject":"english","names":{"en":"How Authors Treat Similar Themes"},"summary":{"en":"Compare and contrast stories in the same genre on their approaches to similar themes and topics, identifying how different authors treat common ideas"},"needs":[{"concept":"themes-across-cultures-and-traditions","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"how-breathing-works","subject":"science","names":{"en":"How Breathing Works"},"summary":{"en":"Know that we breathe air into our lungs through the nose and mouth, that our lungs take in oxygen from the air which our body needs to stay alive, and that we breathe out carbon dioxide as waste"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"how-diffusion-works","subject":"science","names":{"en":"How Diffusion Works"},"summary":{"en":"Explain diffusion as the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration, and describe its role in moving materials (oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose) in and between cells"},"needs":[{"concept":"parts-of-plant-and-animal-cells","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"how-emotions-feel-in-your-body","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"How Emotions Feel in Your Body"},"summary":{"en":"Understand the connection between emotions and the body — recognising physical signals like butterflies in the stomach (nervous), clenched fists (angry), racing heart (scared or excited), and tight shoulders (stressed)"},"needs":[{"concept":"triggers-and-causes-of-feelings","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"how-energy-travels-around","subject":"science","names":{"en":"How energy travels around"},"summary":{"en":"Observe and provide evidence that energy can be transferred from place to place by sound, light, heat, and electric currents"},"needs":[{"concept":"light-and-seeing-in-the-dark","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"naming-types-of-energy","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"building-a-simple-circuit","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"vibrations-and-sound","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"how-fossils-form","subject":"science","names":{"en":"How Fossils Form"},"summary":{"en":"Explain in simple terms how fossils form: an organism dies and is quickly buried in sediment; over millions of years minerals replace the remains and the sediment turns to rock, preserving the shape"},"needs":[{"concept":"fossils-and-palaeontologists","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"real-dinosaurs-vs-fiction","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"how-fossils-form-science","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"how-fossils-form-2","subject":"science","names":{"en":"How fossils form"},"summary":{"en":"Identify evidence from patterns in rock formations and fossils in rock layers to support an explanation for changes in a landscape over time"},"needs":[{"concept":"types-of-rocks","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"how-fossils-form-science","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"rapid-earth-changes","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"how-fossils-form-science","subject":"science","names":{"en":"How fossils form"},"summary":{"en":"Describe in simple terms how fossils are formed when things that have lived are trapped within rock over millions of years"},"needs":[{"concept":"properties-of-materials","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"living-dead-and-never-alive","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"how-language-choices-affect-the-reader","subject":"english","names":{"en":"How Language Choices Affect the Reader"},"summary":{"en":"Evaluate how authors use language including figurative language, considering the impact of word choices, imagery, and literary devices on the reader"},"needs":[{"concept":"expressive-and-sensory-language","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"similes-and-metaphors","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"how-many-in-total","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"How Many in Total?"},"summary":{"en":"Cardinality principle: the last number said when counting a set tells how many objects are in the set, regardless of arrangement or order counted"},"needs":[{"concept":"one-to-one-counting","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[4,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"how-materials-change-state","subject":"science","names":{"en":"How Materials Change State"},"summary":{"en":"Explain melting, freezing, boiling, condensing, and sublimation using the particle model, interpreting heating and cooling curves to identify melting and boiling points"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-particle-model","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"drawing-particle-diagrams","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"heating-and-cooling-changes","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"how-minibeasts-move","subject":"science","names":{"en":"How minibeasts move"},"summary":{"en":"How minibeasts move: crawling (ants, beetles), flying (butterflies, bees), slithering (worms, slugs), jumping (grasshoppers, fleas), burrowing (earthworms). Counting legs as a first step toward grouping creatures."},"needs":[{"concept":"common-minibeasts-naming-and-recognising","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"how-muscles-move-bones","subject":"science","names":{"en":"How Muscles Move Bones"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that muscles work in pairs to move bones: when one muscle contracts (gets shorter and pulls), the opposite muscle relaxes, and that some muscles are voluntary (we choose to use them) while others like the heart are involuntary (they work automatically)"},"needs":[{"concept":"naming-major-bones","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"bones-and-muscles","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"how-natural-selection-works","subject":"science","names":{"en":"How Natural Selection Works"},"summary":{"en":"Explain natural selection as the mechanism of evolution: heritable variation + competition for resources + differential survival and reproduction = change in allele frequency over generations"},"needs":[{"concept":"classifying-organisms","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"variation-in-species","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"the-red-queen-hypothesis","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"dinosaur-to-bird-transition","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"genetic-mutation","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"sexual-selection","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"how-organisms-shape-habitats","subject":"science","names":{"en":"How Organisms Shape Habitats"},"summary":{"en":"Construct an argument supported by evidence for how plants and animals can change the environment to meet their needs"},"needs":[{"concept":"what-living-things-need","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"how-palaeontologists-work","subject":"science","names":{"en":"How Palaeontologists Work"},"summary":{"en":"Describe how palaeontologists work in the field and lab: prospecting for exposed fossils, careful excavation with hand tools, plaster jacketing for transport, preparation in the lab, and scientific description and publication"},"needs":[{"concept":"fossilised-dinosaur-dung","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"types-of-fossils","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"how-fossils-form","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"reading-dinosaur-trackways","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"how-parts-build-a-whole-text","subject":"english","names":{"en":"How Parts Build a Whole Text"},"summary":{"en":"Explain how a series of chapters, scenes, or stanzas fits together to provide the overall structure of a story, drama, or poem, analysing how each part contributes to the whole"},"needs":[{"concept":"structural-terminology","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"how-plant-parts-work","subject":"science","names":{"en":"How Plant Parts Work"},"summary":{"en":"Identify and describe the functions of different parts of flowering plants: roots absorb water and nutrients, stems transport materials, leaves make food, flowers enable reproduction"},"needs":[{"concept":"parts-of-a-plant","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"how-shadows-form","subject":"science","names":{"en":"How Shadows Form"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise that shadows are formed when light from a source is blocked by an opaque object, and find patterns in how shadow size changes"},"needs":[{"concept":"light-and-seeing-in-the-dark","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"transparent-translucent-and-opaque","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"light-and-sound-vocabulary","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"how-sound-waves-travel","subject":"science","names":{"en":"How Sound Waves Travel"},"summary":{"en":"Explain that sound is produced by vibrating objects and travels as a longitudinal pressure wave through solids, liquids, and gases; describe reflection of sound (echoes) and absorption; explain why sound cannot travel through a vacuum"},"needs":[{"concept":"wave-properties-and-types","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"sound-travels-through-materials","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"how-switches-work","subject":"science","names":{"en":"How switches work"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise that a switch opens and closes a circuit, controlling whether a lamp lights or a buzzer sounds"},"needs":[{"concept":"will-the-bulb-light-up","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"how-tectonic-plates-move","subject":"science","names":{"en":"How Tectonic Plates Move"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that convection currents in the molten mantle drive the movement of rigid tectonic plates; distinguish between convergent (collision/subduction), divergent (spreading ridges), and transform (sliding) plate boundaries; explain why volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain chains cluster at boundaries; introduce the Wilson cycle of supercontinent assembly and breakup"},"needs":[{"concept":"seismic-waves-and-earth-s-interior","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"famous-eruptions-and-pangaea","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"how-telescopes-work","subject":"science","names":{"en":"How Telescopes Work"},"summary":{"en":"Know that telescopes are instruments that help us see distant objects in space, and that space telescopes like Hubble and James Webb orbit above Earth’s atmosphere to get clearer views of the universe"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-sun-is-a-star","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"how-the-body-stays-in-balance","subject":"science","names":{"en":"How the Body Stays in Balance"},"summary":{"en":"Explain homeostasis as the process of maintaining a stable internal environment; describe the main feedback loop systems (negative feedback) using blood glucose regulation (insulin/glucagon) and body temperature as concrete examples; and connect the endocrine system (hormone-secreting glands) to the nervous system as two complementary communication systems with different speeds and durations"},"needs":[{"concept":"neurons-and-brain-structure","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"growing-up-and-puberty","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"how-the-economy-works","subject":"life-skills","names":{"en":"How the Economy Works"},"summary":{"en":"What an economy is; producers and consumers; supply and demand; why prices change; the basics of how markets work"},"needs":[{"concept":"jobs-people-do","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"advertising-and-spending","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"buying-things","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"how-the-eye-works","subject":"science","names":{"en":"How the Eye Works"},"summary":{"en":"Describe how the eye works: light enters through the pupil, the lens focuses it onto the retina at the back of the eye, and the retina sends signals along the optic nerve to the brain, which interprets the image"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-five-senses","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"the-brain-controls-the-body","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"how-the-lungs-work","subject":"science","names":{"en":"How the Lungs Work"},"summary":{"en":"Explain how the respiratory system works in detail: air travels through the nose/mouth, down the trachea, into bronchi and bronchioles, reaching tiny air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs where oxygen passes into the blood and carbon dioxide passes out"},"needs":[{"concept":"cells-tissues-and-organs","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"how-breathing-works","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"how-we-see-objects","subject":"science","names":{"en":"How We See Objects"},"summary":{"en":"Develop a model to describe that light reflecting from objects and entering the eye allows objects to be seen"},"needs":[{"concept":"reflecting-light","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"how-shadows-form","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"wave-behaviour-vocabulary","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"human-impact-on-environments","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Human impact on environments"},"summary":{"en":"Use vocabulary for human impact on the environment — pollution, habitat destruction, deforestation, biodiversity, conservation, renewable energy, non-renewable energy, fossil fuel, carbon footprint, sustainability, endangered, extinct — and apply these when discussing environmental issues and human choices"},"needs":[],"ages":[8,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"human-life-stages","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Human Life Stages"},"summary":{"en":"Describe the changes as humans develop to old age, including the stages of the human life cycle"},"needs":[{"concept":"life-cycles-of-organisms","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"organ-systems-vocabulary","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"human-reproduction","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Human Reproduction"},"summary":{"en":"Describe the structure and function of the male and female human reproductive systems, and explain the processes of fertilisation, gestation, and birth including the role of the placenta"},"needs":[{"concept":"animal-life-stages","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"humans-versus-machines","subject":"computing","names":{"en":"Humans Versus Machines"},"summary":{"en":"Comparing human and machine capabilities: creativity, empathy, common sense vs speed, memory, repetition; the Turing Test (simplified); what makes humans unique"},"needs":[{"concept":"real-world-robots","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"machine-learning-basics","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"hurricanes-tornadoes-and-monsoons","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Hurricanes, Tornadoes & Monsoons"},"summary":{"en":"Explain how hurricanes form and intensify over warm ocean water (latent heat release, low-pressure spiral); describe tornado formation within supercell thunderstorms; explain monsoon mechanics driven by temperature differences between land and sea; introduce attribution science — how scientists use climate models to calculate whether and by how much climate change increased the probability or intensity of a specific extreme weather event"},"needs":[{"concept":"extreme-weather-events","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"global-wind-patterns","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"reading-ancient-climate-records","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"hyphens-in-prefixed-words","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Hyphens in Prefixed Words"},"summary":{"en":"Use hyphens to avoid ambiguity in compound modifiers and prefixed words, distinguishing between meanings that change based on hyphen placement"},"needs":[{"concept":"compound-words","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"expanded-noun-phrases","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"ice-and-snow","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Ice & Snow"},"summary":{"en":"Know that water can be solid (ice and snow) or liquid, that snow is made of tiny frozen ice crystals, that icebergs are huge chunks of ice floating in the ocean with most of their bulk hidden underwater, and that ice floats because it is lighter than liquid water"},"needs":[{"concept":"where-are-the-poles","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"ice-and-states-of-matter","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Ice & States of Matter"},"summary":{"en":"Understand ice in different forms and states of matter — sea ice forms when ocean water freezes (it's salty and relatively thin), glacial ice forms from compacted snow over centuries (fresh water, very thick), and icebergs break off from glaciers and float in the sea; know that water exists as solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (water vapour), and that salt lowers the freezing point of water"},"needs":[{"concept":"ice-and-snow","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"identifying-reasons-behind-a-speaker-s-points","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Identifying Reasons Behind a Speaker's Points"},"summary":{"en":"Identify the reasons and evidence a speaker provides to support particular points, evaluating whether the reasoning is logical and the evidence is relevant"},"needs":[{"concept":"why-the-author-wrote-it","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"engaging-listeners-and-valuing-viewpoints","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"identity-and-belonging-in-adolescence","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Identity and Belonging in Adolescence"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that adolescence involves active construction of identity, leading to emotional complexity around questions of 'who am I?'; explore the emotional dynamics of belonging to multiple groups simultaneously (family, peer group, cultural or religious identity); understand social comparison and its intensification through social media; recognise that identity is not fixed and that uncertainty about identity is normal, not a sign of failure; develop language for navigating emotions tied to group membership and personal values"},"needs":[{"concept":"mixed-and-conflicting-emotions","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"brain-science-of-emotions","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"culture-and-experience-shape-emotions","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"idioms-and-proverbs","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Idioms & Proverbs"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise and interpret common idioms (break the ice, hit the nail on the head), adages (actions speak louder than words), and proverbs (a stitch in time saves nine), understanding their figurative meanings and when to use them"},"needs":[{"concept":"literal-vs-figurative-language","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"immunity-and-vaccines","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Immunity & Vaccines"},"summary":{"en":"Distinguish innate (non-specific, immediate) from adaptive (specific, memory-forming) immunity; explain how B cells produce antibodies that recognise specific antigens, how T cells destroy infected cells, and why immunological memory makes vaccines work; and describe the gut microbiome as a community of trillions of microbes that significantly influences immune function"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-immune-system","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"in-depth-character-and-setting-analysis","subject":"english","names":{"en":"In-Depth Character and Setting Analysis"},"summary":{"en":"Describe in depth a character, setting, or event in a story or drama, drawing on specific details from the text such as a character's thoughts, words, actions, and interactions"},"needs":[{"concept":"character-traits-and-motivation","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"inclusion-and-exclusion-in-athens","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Inclusion and Exclusion in Athens"},"summary":{"en":"Analyse who was included and excluded from Athenian democracy — only free adult male citizens (roughly 30% of adults) could participate, while women, enslaved people (who may have made up a third of the population), and foreign residents (metics) were excluded — and evaluate whether Athens truly deserves the title 'birthplace of democracy' by comparing it with modern representative democracies"},"needs":[{"concept":"athenian-democracy","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"roman-republic-and-empire","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"incredible-insects-record-breakers","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Incredible insects: record-breakers"},"summary":{"en":"Incredible insects — record-breakers and superpowers. Dung beetles are the strongest animals relative to body weight. Dragonflies are among the fastest flying insects. Fleas can jump over 150 times their own body length. Bombardier beetles spray boiling chemicals. The 'wow factor' of the insect world."},"needs":[{"concept":"the-insect-body-plan","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"indigenous-ecological-knowledge","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Indigenous Ecological Knowledge"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that indigenous peoples of the rainforest have developed deep ecological knowledge over thousands of years — using plants for medicine, food, and building materials, practising sustainable farming methods like shifting cultivation, and understanding animal behaviour and forest ecology in ways that modern science is only beginning to appreciate"},"needs":[{"concept":"indigenous-rainforest-peoples","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"indigenous-rainforest-peoples","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Indigenous Rainforest Peoples"},"summary":{"en":"Know that indigenous peoples such as the Yanomami have lived in rainforests for thousands of years, building homes from forest materials, finding food by hunting, fishing, and gathering, and knowing the forest and its plants and animals deeply"},"needs":[{"concept":"what-is-a-rainforest","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"inference-vs-explicit-meaning","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Inference vs Explicit Meaning"},"summary":{"en":"Distinguish between what a text explicitly says and what you have inferred, assumed, or read in — knowing which is which is fundamental to honest comprehension"},"needs":[{"concept":"teaching-it-back","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"monitoring-comprehension","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"inferring-characters-feelings-and-motives","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Inferring Characters' Feelings and Motives"},"summary":{"en":"Draw inferences from independently-read texts, such as inferring characters' feelings, thoughts and motives from their actions, and justifying inferences with evidence from the text"},"needs":[{"concept":"predicting-what-happens-next","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"reading-between-the-lines","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"self-correcting-while-reading","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"story-sequence-and-central-message","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"domain-vocabulary-across-subject-areas","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"inheritance-vocabulary","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Inheritance Vocabulary"},"summary":{"en":"Use vocabulary for variation and inheritance — inherited characteristic, acquired characteristic, variation, offspring, trait, species, breed, genetic, environment — and apply these when comparing organisms and explaining similarities and differences within and between species"},"needs":[],"ages":[8,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"inherited-characteristics","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Inherited characteristics"},"summary":{"en":"Analyse and interpret data to provide evidence that plants and animals have traits inherited from parents and that variation of these traits exists in a group of similar organisms"},"needs":[{"concept":"inheritance-vocabulary","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"insect-adaptations","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Insect Adaptations"},"summary":{"en":"Adaptation and evolution in insects: peppered moths as a famous example of natural selection (dark moths survived better on soot-covered trees during the Industrial Revolution). Stick insects evolved to look like twigs. Ant-mimicking spiders evolved to fool predators. How small changes over many generations lead to remarkable disguises."},"needs":[{"concept":"camouflage-warning-colours-and-mimicry","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"types-of-metamorphosis","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"insect-anatomy-in-depth","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Insect anatomy in depth"},"summary":{"en":"Insect anatomy in depth: compound eyes made of thousands of tiny lenses, spiracles (breathing holes along the body), diverse mouthparts (chewing mandibles in beetles, sucking proboscis in butterflies, sponging pad in flies), and moulting the exoskeleton to grow. Biomimicry — how engineers copy insect designs."},"needs":[{"concept":"camouflage-warning-colours-and-mimicry","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"the-insect-body-plan","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"insect-communication-and-behaviour","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Insect communication and behaviour"},"summary":{"en":"Insect communication and behaviour: bees perform a waggle dance to tell hive-mates where flowers are. Ants lay pheromone trails for others to follow. Fireflies flash light patterns to find mates. Crickets chirp by rubbing their wings. Monarch butterflies migrate thousands of miles across continents. How insects 'talk' without words."},"needs":[{"concept":"social-insects-ants-and-bees","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"incredible-insects-record-breakers","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"insect-life-cycles-complete-metamorphosis","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Insect life cycles: complete metamorphosis"},"summary":{"en":"Insect life cycles — complete metamorphosis in detail. Egg → larva → pupa → adult. The larva (caterpillar, grub, maggot) looks completely different from the adult. Inside the pupa the body is rebuilt. Butterflies, beetles, flies, and ladybirds all undergo complete metamorphosis."},"needs":[{"concept":"caterpillar-to-butterfly","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"insects-in-ecosystems","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Insects in ecosystems"},"summary":{"en":"Insects in ecosystems: the many roles insects play. Pollinators (bees, butterflies, hoverflies), decomposers (dung beetles, fly larvae), food source for birds, bats, fish, and frogs, and pest controllers (ladybirds eating aphids). The thought experiment: what would happen if all insects disappeared?"},"needs":[{"concept":"food-chains-and-energy-transfer","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"minibeasts-in-the-food-chain","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"bees-and-pollination","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"inside-a-rainforest","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Inside a Rainforest"},"summary":{"en":"Describe what it feels like inside a rainforest — hot and sticky (humid), dark on the ground because the treetops block the light, loud with animal calls and insect buzzing, and dripping with water from rain and condensation"},"needs":[{"concept":"what-is-a-rainforest","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"inside-a-volcano","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Inside a Volcano"},"summary":{"en":"Understand the inside of a volcano: magma is hot melted rock underground, lava is the same material after it reaches the surface, and volcanoes have a magma chamber, vent, and crater"},"needs":[{"concept":"earth-s-layers","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"what-is-a-volcano","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"interpreting-visual-information-in-texts","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Interpreting visual information in texts"},"summary":{"en":"Interpret information presented visually, orally, or quantitatively in informational texts (e.g., charts, graphs, diagrams, timelines, animations) and explain how it contributes to understanding the text"},"needs":[{"concept":"reading-and-comparing-bar-graphs","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"pictures-and-text-working-together","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"inuit-and-sami-peoples","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Inuit & Sami Peoples"},"summary":{"en":"Know that indigenous peoples have lived in the Arctic for thousands of years — the Inuit across Canada, Alaska, and Greenland, and the Sami in northern Scandinavia — developing remarkable knowledge of the environment, using dog sleds and kayaks for transport, wearing animal-skin clothing for warmth, and building igloos as temporary shelters, with a deep respect for the animals and land they depend on"},"needs":[{"concept":"comparing-arctic-and-antarctic","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"invasive-species","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Invasive Species"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that invasive species are animals (or plants) that have been introduced to a place where they don't naturally belong — like grey squirrels outcompeting red squirrels in the UK, cane toads poisoning native predators in Australia, or rabbits devastating ecosystems in Australia — and that they can cause serious harm to native wildlife by competing for food, spreading disease, or having no natural predators"},"needs":[{"concept":"endangered-and-extinct-species","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"structural-adaptations","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"animals-everywhere","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"inverse-addition-undoes-subtraction","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Inverse: addition undoes subtraction"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise and use the inverse relationship between addition and subtraction to check calculations and solve missing-number problems"},"needs":[{"concept":"finding-a-missing-number-in-addition","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"investigating-forces","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Investigating Forces"},"summary":{"en":"Plan and carry out investigations into forces, including measuring force with a newton meter, investigating Hooke's Law, and collecting and interpreting motion data to test Newton's laws"},"needs":[{"concept":"newton-s-first-and-second-laws","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"moments-pressure-and-hooke-s-law","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"irregular-past-tense-verbs","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Irregular past tense verbs"},"summary":{"en":"Form and use the past tense of frequently occurring irregular verbs correctly (e.g., sat, hid, told, went, came, ran), recognising that these do not follow the regular -ed pattern"},"needs":[{"concept":"past-present-and-progressive-tense","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"irregular-plural-nouns","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Irregular Plural Nouns"},"summary":{"en":"Form and use irregular plural nouns (e.g., children, teeth, mice, geese) in addition to regular plurals, recognising that some nouns have irregular plural forms that do not follow the -s/-es pattern"},"needs":[{"concept":"regular-plural-nouns","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"irreversible-changes","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Irreversible Changes"},"summary":{"en":"Explain that some changes result in the formation of new materials and are not usually reversible, such as burning, rusting, and reactions with acid"},"needs":[{"concept":"reversible-changes","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"jobs-people-do","subject":"life-skills","names":{"en":"Jobs People Do"},"summary":{"en":"Different kinds of work people do; that people earn money by working; how jobs help the community; linking personal interests to possible jobs"},"needs":[{"concept":"what-money-is","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"joining-letters","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Joining Letters"},"summary":{"en":"Begin to join letters using diagonal and horizontal strokes, understanding which letter pairs are best left unjoined, forming letters of correct size relative to one another"},"needs":[{"concept":"forming-capital-letters","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"sitting-and-holding-a-pencil","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"joining-words-with-and","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Joining Words with 'And'"},"summary":{"en":"Join words and clauses using the conjunction 'and' to create longer sentences"},"needs":[{"concept":"building-sentences","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"joints-tendons-and-ligaments","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Joints, Tendons & Ligaments"},"summary":{"en":"Explain biomechanics — the interaction between skeleton and muscles at joints, including the roles of tendons (attach muscle to bone) and ligaments (attach bone to bone)"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-human-skeleton","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"journey-to-mars","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Journey to Mars"},"summary":{"en":"Evaluate the engineering and human challenges of long-duration spaceflight to Mars — radiation exposure, muscle and bone loss, psychological isolation, communication delays — and assess the current state of the SETI programme: what methods are used, what has been detected so far, and what the Fermi Paradox is"},"needs":[{"concept":"space-exploration-milestones","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"galaxies-and-the-universe","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[13,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"judgement-of-the-dead","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Judgement of the Dead"},"summary":{"en":"Describe the Egyptian belief in the judgement of the dead: after death, the heart was weighed against the feather of Ma'at in the Hall of Judgement, with Anubis overseeing the scales and Thoth recording the result — a pure heart meant entry to the Field of Reeds (paradise), while a heavy heart was devoured by the monster Ammit, and know that the Book of the Dead contained spells to help the deceased pass this test"},"needs":[{"concept":"egyptian-gods-and-goddesses","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"mummification-step-by-step","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"the-pharaoh-as-living-god","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"justifying-mathematical-reasoning","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Justifying mathematical reasoning"},"summary":{"en":"Construct and follow multi-step mathematical arguments; identify errors in reasoning and explain why a method works or does not work"},"needs":[{"concept":"describing-aloud","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"teaching-it-back","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"explaining-mathematical-reasoning","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"adding-and-subtracting-age-7","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"addition-and-subtraction-strategies-age-7","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"justifying-mathematical-reasoning-age-8","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Justifying mathematical reasoning (age 8+)"},"summary":{"en":"Construct and present multi-step mathematical arguments; critique the reasoning of others and explain clearly why a method works or fails"},"needs":[{"concept":"equivalent-fractions-age-8","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"comparing-fractions-age-8","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"justifying-mathematical-reasoning","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"understanding-why","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"justifying-views-about-texts","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Justifying Views About Texts"},"summary":{"en":"Provide reasoned justifications for views about texts, supporting interpretations and opinions with evidence and logical arguments"},"needs":[{"concept":"understanding-fractions-age-9-maths","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"inferring-characters-feelings-and-motives","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"kings-and-queens","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Kings & Queens"},"summary":{"en":"What medieval kings and queens did: ruling the land, making laws, collecting taxes; the crown and throne as symbols of power; the Tower of London"},"needs":[{"concept":"knights-and-armour","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"what-is-a-castle","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"knights-and-armour","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Knights & Armour"},"summary":{"en":"What knights were: trained warriors who served a lord; armour, shields, swords, and lances; the code of chivalry as rules for how knights should behave"},"needs":[{"concept":"what-is-a-castle","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"knowing-all-letters","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Knowing all letters"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise and name all uppercase and lowercase letters of the alphabet; name the letters in order and use letter names to distinguish between alternative spellings"},"needs":[{"concept":"understanding-print","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[4,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"knowing-what-you-don-t-know","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Knowing What You Don't Know"},"summary":{"en":"Monitor your own vocabulary gaps — notice words you half-know, distinguish confident from uncertain knowledge, and develop strategies to resolve the uncertainty"},"needs":[{"concept":"inference-vs-explicit-meaning","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"learning-from-mistakes","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"layout-and-formatting-in-informational-writing","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Layout and Formatting in Informational Writing"},"summary":{"en":"Use layout devices including headings, sub-headings, columns, bullets, and tables to structure text and guide the reader through informational and explanatory writing"},"needs":[{"concept":"writing-craft-vocabulary","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"organising-writing-into-paragraphs","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"leadership-styles-and-influence","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Leadership Styles and Influence"},"summary":{"en":"Distinguish different leadership styles (directive, democratic, servant, transformational) and understand when each is appropriate; understand that influence in a group comes with responsibility, and explore the difference between leading through inspiration versus coercion; practise inclusive leadership: actively creating space for quieter voices and diverse perspectives; understand the ethics of influence and the boundary between persuasion and manipulation; explore concepts of consent and coercion in peer relationships; reflect on what kind of influence they want to have in their communities"},"needs":[{"concept":"giving-and-receiving-feedback","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"honest-conversations-and-conflict-repair","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[13,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"learning-from-failure","subject":"life-skills","names":{"en":"Learning from Failure"},"summary":{"en":"Not every business idea works; entrepreneurs try, fail, learn, and try again; iteration and resilience as core entrepreneurial skills; famous failure-to-success stories"},"needs":[{"concept":"making-a-simple-plan","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"having-a-business-idea","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"learning-from-mistakes","subject":"learning-to-learn","names":{"en":"Learning from Mistakes"},"summary":{"en":"When you get something wrong, investigate why — what did you misunderstand or overlook? Analysing errors is one of the most powerful ways to learn"},"needs":[{"concept":"checking-your-own-work","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"trying-a-new-approach","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"learning-from-mistakes-personal-development","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Learning from Mistakes"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that making mistakes is a normal part of learning and that everyone — including adults — makes mistakes, and begin to see mistakes as opportunities to learn rather than reasons to give up"},"needs":[{"concept":"words-for-big-feelings","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"letter-formation-families","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Letter Formation Families"},"summary":{"en":"Understand which letters belong to which handwriting families based on similar formation patterns and practise letters in groups"},"needs":[{"concept":"sitting-and-holding-a-pencil","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"levers-pulleys-and-gears","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Levers, Pulleys & Gears"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise that some mechanisms including levers, pulleys, and gears allow a smaller force to have a greater effect"},"needs":[{"concept":"balanced-and-unbalanced-forces","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"gravity-and-falling-objects","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"force-and-motion-vocabulary","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"life-changed-over-time","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Life Changed Over Time"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise that living things have changed over time and that fossils provide information about organisms that inhabited the Earth millions of years ago"},"needs":[{"concept":"life-cycles-of-organisms","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"fossils-as-evidence","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"evolution-vocabulary","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"life-cycle-of-a-star","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Life Cycle of a Star"},"summary":{"en":"Describe the life cycle of a star from nebula through main sequence to its end state (white dwarf, neutron star, or black hole depending on mass), and relate the life cycle to the origin of elements heavier than hydrogen"},"needs":[{"concept":"galaxies-and-the-universe","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[13,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"life-cycle-of-stars","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Life Cycle of Stars"},"summary":{"en":"Understand the basics of a star’s life cycle: stars are born in clouds of gas and dust (nebulae), shine for millions or billions of years by fusing hydrogen, and eventually die — massive stars explode as supernovae while smaller stars fade into white dwarfs"},"needs":[{"concept":"why-the-sun-looks-brightest","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"the-sun-is-a-star","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"life-cycles-of-organisms","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Life Cycles of Organisms"},"summary":{"en":"Develop models to describe that organisms have unique and diverse life cycles but all share the common stages of birth, growth, reproduction, and death"},"needs":[{"concept":"animal-classification-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"drawing-life-cycle-diagrams","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"animal-life-stages","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"pollination-and-seed-dispersal","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"light-and-seeing-in-the-dark","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Light & Seeing in the Dark"},"summary":{"en":"Observe that objects in darkness can be seen only when illuminated by a light source"},"needs":[{"concept":"light-and-sound-vocabulary","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"light-and-sound-vocabulary","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Light & Sound Vocabulary"},"summary":{"en":"Name and use vocabulary for how light and sound behave — light source, transparent, translucent, opaque, shadow, reflect, vibration, pitch, volume — and apply these terms correctly when describing observations about how light travels and how sounds are made and changed"},"needs":[],"ages":[6,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"light-travels-in-straight-lines","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Light Travels in Straight Lines"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise that light appears to travel in straight lines and use this to explain how we see objects and why shadows have the same shape as the objects that cast them"},"needs":[{"concept":"how-we-see-objects","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"how-shadows-form","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"wave-behaviour-vocabulary","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"likelihood-language","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Likelihood Language"},"summary":{"en":"Use probability language to describe and compare the likelihood of everyday events using words such as certain, likely, even chance, unlikely, impossible"},"needs":[],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"line-graphs-age-10","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Line graphs (age 10+)"},"summary":{"en":"Interpret and construct pie charts and line graphs; use these to solve problems"},"needs":[{"concept":"measuring-angles","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"reading-and-comparing-bar-graphs","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"angle-sum-rules","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"calculating-percentages","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"pictograms-and-tally-charts-age-6","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"linear-function-graphs","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Linear Function Graphs"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise that a linear function produces a straight-line graph, understand the relationship between an equation of the form y = mx + c and its graphical representation, and interpret gradient and y-intercept in context"},"needs":[{"concept":"coordinates-age-11","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"substituting-into-formulae","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"algebraic-transformations","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"linear-number-sequences","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Linear number sequences"},"summary":{"en":"Generate and describe linear number sequences, including those with negative and decimal steps; identify the term-to-term rule"},"needs":[{"concept":"shape-patterns-maths","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"measuring-temperature","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"lines-of-symmetry","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Lines of symmetry"},"summary":{"en":"Complete a simple symmetric figure with respect to a specific line of symmetry"},"needs":[{"concept":"2-d-shapes-age-8","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"transformations-on-a-grid","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"lines-rays-and-angles","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Lines, Rays & Angles"},"summary":{"en":"Draw and identify points, lines, line segments, rays, angles (right, acute, obtuse), and perpendicular and parallel lines; identify these in two-dimensional figures"},"needs":[{"concept":"types-of-angles","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"parallel-and-perpendicular-lines","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"linking-paragraphs-with-adverbials","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Linking paragraphs with adverbials"},"summary":{"en":"Link ideas across paragraphs using adverbials of time (later, meanwhile, after a while), place (nearby, far away, beyond the wall), and number (secondly, finally, in addition) to guide the reader through a multi-paragraph text"},"needs":[{"concept":"fronted-adverbials-and-commas","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"cohesion-within-paragraphs","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"listening-and-responding","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Listening and responding"},"summary":{"en":"Listen and respond appropriately to adults and peers; follow agreed-upon rules for discussion such as listening to others and taking turns speaking"},"needs":[],"ages":[4,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"listening-to-others","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Listening to Others"},"summary":{"en":"Listen to others when they are speaking — looking at the speaker, waiting until they finish, and showing they have heard by responding to what was said rather than just talking about their own ideas"},"needs":[{"concept":"listening-and-responding","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"vocabulary-working-with-others","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"listening-to-texts-read-aloud","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Listening to Texts Read Aloud"},"summary":{"en":"Listen to and discuss poems, stories, and non-fiction at a level beyond independent reading; confirm understanding of texts read aloud by asking and answering questions about key details"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"literal-vs-figurative-language","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Literal vs Figurative Language"},"summary":{"en":"Distinguish literal from nonliteral (figurative) language in context and interpret common idioms and phrases"},"needs":[{"concept":"expressive-and-sensory-language","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"shades-of-meaning","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"literary-and-language-terminology","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Literary and Language Terminology"},"summary":{"en":"Discuss reading, writing, and spoken language with precise and confident use of linguistic and literary terminology — including terms for word classes, sentence types, clause types, literary devices, and text-level features"},"needs":[{"concept":"grammar-terms-voice-and-punctuation","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"phrases-and-clauses","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"literary-evidence-in-writing","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Literary Evidence in Writing"},"summary":{"en":"Draw evidence from literary texts to support analysis, reflection, and research in writing, applying grade-level reading standards to literature"},"needs":[{"concept":"short-research-projects","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"inferring-characters-feelings-and-motives","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"domain-vocabulary-across-subject-areas","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"living-dead-and-never-alive","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Living, Dead & Never Alive"},"summary":{"en":"Explore and compare the differences between things that are living, dead, and things that have never been alive"},"needs":[{"concept":"common-plants-and-trees","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"living-things-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"naming-common-animals","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"living-things-vocabulary","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Living Things Vocabulary"},"summary":{"en":"Name and use vocabulary for what makes something living — alive, dead, never been alive, movement, nutrition, growth, reproduction, sensitivity, excretion — and apply these terms when classifying objects and explaining why plants and animals count as living things"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"local-plants-and-animals","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Local Plants & Animals"},"summary":{"en":"Identify and name a variety of plants and animals in their habitats, including microhabitats such as under a log or in a pond"},"needs":[{"concept":"habitats-and-basic-needs","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"habitat-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"rock-pool-habitats","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"rainforest-animals-science","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"minibeast-habitats","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[6,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"local-weather-patterns","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Local weather patterns"},"summary":{"en":"Use and share observations of local weather conditions to describe patterns over time, recording temperature, rainfall, and other conditions"},"needs":[{"concept":"days-weeks-months-and-years","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"seasonal-changes","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"logarithms","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Logarithms","hi":"लघुगणक"},"summary":{"en":"How many times you multiply (or halve) to get from one number to another."},"needs":[]},{"id":"long-multiplication","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Long multiplication"},"summary":{"en":"Multiply a whole number of up to four digits by a one-digit number, and multiply two two-digit numbers, using formal written methods including long multiplication; illustrate with area models"},"needs":[{"concept":"written-multiplication","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"area-and-the-distributive-property","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"long-multiplication-age-10","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Long multiplication (age 10+)"},"summary":{"en":"Fluently multiply multi-digit whole numbers (up to 4 digits by 2 digits) using the formal written method of long multiplication"},"needs":[{"concept":"long-multiplication","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"looking-after-money","subject":"life-skills","names":{"en":"Looking After Money"},"summary":{"en":"Keeping money safe; not losing coins or notes; understanding that money has real value and should be treated carefully; basic money responsibility"},"needs":[{"concept":"coins-and-notes","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"machine-learning-basics","subject":"computing","names":{"en":"Machine Learning Basics"},"summary":{"en":"How machine learning works at a conceptual level: show the computer many examples, it finds patterns, then it makes predictions about new things; hands-on experience with Teachable Machine or similar tool"},"needs":[{"concept":"data-and-information-for-computers","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"patterns-and-classification","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"magna-carta-and-limiting-royal-power","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Magna Carta and Limiting Royal Power"},"summary":{"en":"King John, the barons' revolt, and the sealing of the Magna Carta in 1215; what the Magna Carta said about limiting the king's power; its lasting importance for democracy and rights"},"needs":[{"concept":"kings-and-queens","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"athenian-democracy","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"medieval-pyramid-of-power","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"magnetic-fields","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Magnetic Fields"},"summary":{"en":"Describe magnetic poles (north and south), explain attraction and repulsion between poles, describe magnetic field lines plotted using a compass, and explain the Earth's magnetic field and its practical uses"},"needs":[{"concept":"magnetic-poles","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"magnetic-materials","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Magnetic Materials"},"summary":{"en":"Observe how magnets attract or repel each other and attract some materials and not others"},"needs":[{"concept":"contact-and-non-contact-forces","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"magnetic-poles","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Magnetic Poles"},"summary":{"en":"Describe magnets as having two poles (north and south) and predict whether two magnets will attract or repel based on which poles face each other"},"needs":[{"concept":"magnetic-materials","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"main-ideas-and-note-taking","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Main Ideas & Note-Taking"},"summary":{"en":"Identify main ideas drawn from more than one paragraph and summarise them; retrieve and record information from non-fiction texts using notes, tables or other methods"},"needs":[{"concept":"main-topic-of-informational-texts","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"reading-between-the-lines","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"self-correcting-while-reading","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"story-sequence-and-central-message","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"non-fiction-text-features","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"main-topic-and-key-details","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Main Topic & Key Details"},"summary":{"en":"Identify the main topic of a multi-paragraph informational text, determine the focus of specific paragraphs, and explain how key details support the main idea"},"needs":[{"concept":"main-topic-of-informational-texts","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"main-topic-of-informational-texts","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Main Topic of Informational Texts"},"summary":{"en":"Identify the main topic and retell key details of informational texts; describe connections between individuals, events, ideas, or pieces of information"},"needs":[{"concept":"listening-to-texts-read-aloud","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"makes-someone-a-good-friend","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Makes someone a good friend"},"summary":{"en":"Understand what makes someone a good friend — being kind, honest, reliable, and including others — and recognise behaviours that are not friendly, such as being bossy, leaving people out, or saying mean things"},"needs":[{"concept":"vocabulary-working-with-others","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"making-a-simple-plan","subject":"life-skills","names":{"en":"Making a Simple Plan"},"summary":{"en":"Before starting a business, making a simple plan: what will I make or do, who will buy it, what do I need, how much will it cost, and what price will I charge?"},"needs":[{"concept":"budgeting-pocket-money","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"having-a-business-idea","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"making-change","subject":"life-skills","names":{"en":"Making Change"},"summary":{"en":"Calculating change from a purchase; working confidently with pounds and pence together; solving practical money problems involving addition and subtraction"},"needs":[{"concept":"money-addition-and-subtraction","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"adding-money-and-giving-change","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"coins-and-notes","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"buying-things","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"making-sense-of-problems","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Making Sense of Problems"},"summary":{"en":"Make sense of a problem by identifying what is being asked, choosing concrete objects or pictures to represent the situation, and explaining a pathway to the solution"},"needs":[{"concept":"checking-your-own-work","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"how-many-in-total","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"listening-to-texts-read-aloud","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"addition-as-combining-or-putting-together-two","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"persisting-when-it-s-hard","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"making-something-to-sell","subject":"life-skills","names":{"en":"Making Something to Sell"},"summary":{"en":"The experience of creating a product to sell — a craft, a drawing, baked goods; what makes something worth buying; pride in making something others want"},"needs":[{"concept":"needs-and-wants","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"goods-and-services","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"buyers-and-sellers","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"marathon-and-thermopylae","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Marathon and Thermopylae"},"summary":{"en":"Describe the battles of Marathon and Thermopylae as moments when Greek city-states united against the invading Persian Empire — the runner Pheidippides bringing news of victory at Marathon (origin of the marathon race), and the heroic stand of 300 Spartans at Thermopylae — and understand these wars were fought to defend Greek independence"},"needs":[{"concept":"athens-versus-sparta","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"marketing-basics","subject":"life-skills","names":{"en":"Marketing Basics"},"summary":{"en":"How people find out about what you're selling; signs, posters, social media, word of mouth; being persuasive; the basics of advertising and promotion"},"needs":[{"concept":"having-a-business-idea","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"who-is-a-customer","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"mary-anning-fossil-hunter","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Mary Anning, Fossil Hunter"},"summary":{"en":"Know who Mary Anning was — a pioneering fossil hunter from Lyme Regis, England, who discovered ichthyosaur and plesiosaur skeletons in the early 1800s and contributed to our understanding of prehistoric life"},"needs":[{"concept":"fossils-and-palaeontologists","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"mass-extinctions-in-earth-history","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Mass Extinctions in Earth History"},"summary":{"en":"Compare the five major mass extinction events in Earth history (End-Ordovician, Late Devonian, End-Permian, End-Triassic, K-Pg), describe proposed kill mechanisms for each (glaciation, oceanic anoxia, volcanic mega-eruptions, asteroid impact), and explain why mass extinctions, while catastrophic, also open ecological space for subsequent evolutionary radiations"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-k-pg-extinction-event","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"extinction-and-rapid-change","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"mass-vs-weight","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Mass vs Weight"},"summary":{"en":"Distinguish between mass (amount of matter, measured in kg) and weight (gravitational force, measured in N), use the equation weight = mass × gravitational field strength, and explain why g differs on other planets and stars"},"needs":[{"concept":"gravity-and-falling-objects","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"material-properties-vocabulary","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Material Properties Vocabulary"},"summary":{"en":"Use technical vocabulary to describe and compare material properties — conductor, insulator, thermal, electrical, transparent, opaque, translucent, soluble, insoluble, magnetic, flexible, rigid, density — and apply these terms precisely when selecting and justifying materials for particular purposes"},"needs":[],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"mathematical-precision","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Mathematical Precision"},"summary":{"en":"Communicate with mathematical precision: use correct fraction/decimal vocabulary, name angle types accurately, specify units in measurement and money, and use notation (=, <, >, ÷, ×) correctly"},"needs":[{"concept":"types-of-angles","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"understanding-fractions-age-7","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"area-age-8","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"matter-cycling-in-ecosystems","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Matter Cycling in Ecosystems"},"summary":{"en":"Develop a model to describe the movement of matter among plants, animals, decomposers, and the environment in an ecosystem"},"needs":[{"concept":"ecology-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"biodiversity","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"food-chains-and-energy-transfer","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"energy-from-food-and-the-sun","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"ocean-ecosystems","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"matter-is-made-of-particles","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Matter Is Made of Particles"},"summary":{"en":"Develop a model to describe that matter is made of particles too small to be seen, and that this explains properties of solids, liquids, and gases"},"needs":[{"concept":"drawing-particle-diagrams","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"heating-and-cooling-changes","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"solids-liquids-and-gases","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"measurable-attributes-of-objects","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Measurable Attributes of Objects"},"summary":{"en":"Describe and identify measurable attributes of objects such as length, height, weight, and capacity; use comparative language (longer, shorter, heavier, lighter, more, less)"},"needs":[],"ages":[4,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"measurement-conversions","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Measurement Conversions"},"summary":{"en":"Solve problems involving the calculation and conversion of units of measure, using decimal notation and multi-step reasoning in real-world contexts"},"needs":[{"concept":"decimal-place-value-maths","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"fractions-on-a-number-line-2","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"measurement-line-plots","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Measurement Line Plots"},"summary":{"en":"Make a line plot to display measurement data in fractions of a unit (1/2, 1/4, 1/8); solve problems involving addition and subtraction of fractions using line plot data"},"needs":[{"concept":"halves-and-quarters-age-8","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"fraction-addition-concepts","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"measuring-accurately","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Measuring accurately"},"summary":{"en":"Make systematic and careful observations, take accurate measurements using standard units and equipment including thermometers and data loggers"},"needs":[{"concept":"measurable-attributes-of-objects","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"observing-with-simple-equipment","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"measuring-and-plotting-lengths","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Measuring & Plotting Lengths"},"summary":{"en":"Generate measurement data by measuring lengths to the nearest whole unit and display the data on a line plot"},"needs":[{"concept":"sorting-into-categories-age-6","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"measuring-length-age-7","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"measuring-angles","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Measuring angles"},"summary":{"en":"Measure angles in whole-number degrees using a protractor; draw given angles and sketch angles of specified measure"},"needs":[{"concept":"types-of-angles-age-8","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"degrees-and-turns","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"measuring-angles-age-11","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Measuring angles (age 11+)"},"summary":{"en":"Draw and measure line segments and angles accurately using ruler and protractor, and interpret scale drawings to extract real measurements"},"needs":[{"concept":"measuring-angles","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"2-d-shapes-age-10","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"measuring-angles-age-9","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Measuring angles (age 9+)"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise angle measure as additive; find unknown angles by adding or subtracting on a diagram using equations with a symbol for the unknown"},"needs":[{"concept":"measuring-angles","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"types-of-angles-age-8","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"angle-sum-rules","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"measuring-earthquake-strength","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Measuring Earthquake Strength"},"summary":{"en":"Know that scientists measure earthquakes using seismometers, that earthquakes release energy that travels as waves through the ground, and that a magnitude scale describes their strength"},"needs":[{"concept":"ring-of-fire","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"why-earthquakes-happen","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"measuring-length","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Measuring length"},"summary":{"en":"Order three objects by length and compare the lengths of two objects indirectly using a third object"},"needs":[{"concept":"comparing-lengths-and-heights","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"measuring-length-age-10","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Measuring length (age 10+)"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise volume as an attribute of solid figures; understand that a unit cube (side length 1 unit) has 'one cubic unit' of volume and can be used to measure volume; a solid packed with n unit cubes has volume n cubic units"},"needs":[{"concept":"estimating-volume","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"measuring-length-age-6","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Measuring length (age 6+)"},"summary":{"en":"Measure the length of an object using same-size length units laid end to end with no gaps or overlaps"},"needs":[{"concept":"measuring-length-and-height-age-5","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"measuring-length","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"measuring-length-age-7","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Measuring length (age 7+)"},"summary":{"en":"Measure the length of an object by selecting and using appropriate tools such as rulers, yardsticks, metre sticks, and measuring tapes"},"needs":[{"concept":"measuring-length-age-6","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"choosing-measurement-units","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"measuring-length-and-height-age-5","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Measuring length and height (age 5+)"},"summary":{"en":"Measure and begin to record lengths and heights using non-standard and standard units"},"needs":[{"concept":"comparing-lengths-and-heights","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"measuring-liquids-and-masses","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Measuring Liquids & Masses"},"summary":{"en":"Measure and estimate liquid volumes and masses of objects using grams, kilograms, and litres; solve one-step word problems involving mass or volume"},"needs":[{"concept":"calculating-with-measurements","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"measuring-mass-and-weight","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Measuring mass and weight"},"summary":{"en":"Measure and begin to record mass/weight using non-standard and standard units"},"needs":[{"concept":"measuring-mass-and-weight-age-4","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"measuring-mass-and-weight-age-4","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Measuring mass and weight (age 4+)"},"summary":{"en":"Compare two objects directly by mass or weight and describe the difference using language such as heavy, light, heavier than, lighter than"},"needs":[{"concept":"measurable-attributes-of-objects","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[4,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"measuring-perimeters","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Measuring Perimeters"},"summary":{"en":"Measure the perimeter of simple 2-D shapes"},"needs":[{"concept":"calculating-with-measurements","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"2-d-shapes-age-6","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"measuring-temperature","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Measuring temperature"},"summary":{"en":"Use negative numbers in context (temperature, finance, sea level); calculate intervals across zero"},"needs":[{"concept":"negative-numbers-in-context","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"measuring-with-different-units","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Measuring with different units"},"summary":{"en":"Measure the length of an object using two different length units and describe how the measurements relate to the size of the unit chosen"},"needs":[{"concept":"measuring-length-age-7","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"medieval-clothing","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Medieval Clothing"},"summary":{"en":"What people wore in medieval times: peasant clothes (wool, linen) vs noble clothes (silk, fur, bright colours); no zippers or buttons; how clothes showed your place in society"},"needs":[{"concept":"village-life","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"medieval-food-and-feasts","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Medieval Food & Feasts"},"summary":{"en":"What people ate in medieval times: bread and pottage for ordinary people, grand feasts for the rich; no forks, eating with hands; the great hall as the centre of castle life"},"needs":[{"concept":"village-life","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"medieval-legacy-in-modern-life","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Medieval Legacy in Modern Life"},"summary":{"en":"What the Middle Ages gave us: Parliament, universities, common law, Gothic architecture, the English language (Anglo-Saxon + Norman French), place names, surnames; why we are still fascinated by the medieval world"},"needs":[{"concept":"anglo-saxon-britain","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"magna-carta-and-limiting-royal-power","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"greek-and-roman-legacy-today","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"art-and-architecture","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"printing-press-and-renaissance","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"medieval-pyramid-of-power","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Medieval Pyramid of Power"},"summary":{"en":"How medieval society was organised: king at the top, then lords, then knights, then peasants/serfs; who owed what to whom; the pyramid of power and mutual obligations"},"needs":[{"concept":"kings-and-queens","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"knights-and-armour","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"battle-of-hastings-and-1066","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"village-life","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"medieval-worlds-beyond-europe","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Medieval Worlds Beyond Europe"},"summary":{"en":"The medieval world beyond Europe: the Islamic Golden Age (maths, medicine, architecture), the Mali Empire and Mansa Musa, Song Dynasty China; how the medieval world was connected through trade routes like the Silk Road"},"needs":[{"concept":"greek-and-roman-legacy-today","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"towns-and-trade","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"the-crusades","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"megafauna-extinction-and-de-extinction","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Megafauna Extinction & De-Extinction"},"summary":{"en":"Evaluate the debate over what drove Pleistocene megafauna to extinction — human overkill, climate change, or a combination — using evidence from fossil records, ancient DNA, and archaeological sites; connect to the present-day sixth mass extinction and consider the ethics and feasibility of de-extinction using ancient DNA"},"needs":[{"concept":"chromosomes-genes-and-dna","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"mass-extinctions-in-earth-history","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[13,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"mental-addition-and-subtraction-age-6","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Mental addition and subtraction (age 6+)"},"summary":{"en":"Add and subtract a two-digit number and ones mentally and using concrete/pictorial representations"},"needs":[{"concept":"adding-and-subtracting","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"the-two-digits-of-a-two-digit-number","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"mental-addition-and-subtraction-age-7","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Mental addition and subtraction (age 7+)"},"summary":{"en":"Mentally add and subtract a three-digit number and ones"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-three-digits-of-a-three-digit-number","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"fluent-adding-and-subtracting-within-100","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"mental-addition-and-subtraction-age-9","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Mental addition and subtraction (age 9+)"},"summary":{"en":"Add and subtract numbers mentally with increasingly large numbers, using place-value knowledge and derived facts"},"needs":[{"concept":"mental-addition-and-subtraction-age-7","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"place-value-10-pattern","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"mental-and-written-addition-and-subtraction","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Mental and written addition and subtraction"},"summary":{"en":"Solve addition and subtraction problems using mental and written methods, including problems involving numbers, quantities, and measures"},"needs":[{"concept":"adding-two-two-digit-numbers","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"early-word-problems","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"mental-multiplication-and-division","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Mental multiplication and division"},"summary":{"en":"Use place value, known and derived facts to multiply and divide mentally, including multiplying by 0 and 1, dividing by 1, and multiplying together three numbers"},"needs":[{"concept":"place-value-of-each-digit","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"all-times-tables-to-12-12","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"mental-multiplication-and-division-age-9","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Mental multiplication and division (age 9+)"},"summary":{"en":"Multiply and divide numbers mentally drawing upon known facts, including related facts and place-value adjustments"},"needs":[{"concept":"mental-multiplication-and-division","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"mentally-adding-hundreds-to-3-digit-numbers","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Mentally adding hundreds to 3-digit numbers"},"summary":{"en":"Mentally add and subtract a three-digit number and hundreds"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-three-digits-of-a-three-digit-number","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"10-or-100-more-or-less","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"mentally-adding-tens-to-3-digit-numbers","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Mentally adding tens to 3-digit numbers"},"summary":{"en":"Mentally add and subtract a three-digit number and tens"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-three-digits-of-a-three-digit-number","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"10-or-100-more-or-less","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"metals-vs-non-metals","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Metals vs Non-Metals"},"summary":{"en":"Compare the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals, explaining metallic properties (malleability, lustre, conductivity) and how position in the periodic table predicts reactivity"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-periodic-table","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"metric-and-imperial-conversion","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Metric & Imperial Conversion"},"summary":{"en":"Understand and use approximate equivalences between metric units and common imperial units (inches, pounds, pints)"},"needs":[{"concept":"converting-measurement-units-age-9","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"midnight-sun-and-polar-night","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Midnight Sun & Polar Night"},"summary":{"en":"Know that at the poles, daylight and darkness are extreme — in summer the Sun never fully sets (midnight sun) and in winter the Sun never rises (polar night lasting months) — and that this is very different from what we experience at home, where every day has both daylight and darkness"},"needs":[{"concept":"where-are-the-poles","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"mild-to-strong-emotions","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Mild to Strong Emotions"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that emotions come in different intensities — from mild to strong — and that the same emotion can feel very different depending on how intense it is (e.g., annoyed → angry → furious, or nervous → anxious → panicked)"},"needs":[{"concept":"naming-basic-emotions","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"miles-and-kilometres","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Miles & Kilometres"},"summary":{"en":"Convert between miles and kilometres using the approximate relationship (5 miles ≈ 8 km)"},"needs":[{"concept":"metric-and-imperial-conversion","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"decimal-place-value-2","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"minibeast-habitats","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Minibeast Habitats"},"summary":{"en":"Where minibeasts live: micro-habitats. Different minibeasts prefer different conditions — under logs (damp, dark), in soil (underground), on leaves (sunny), in pond water (wet). The idea that you find different creatures in different places."},"needs":[{"concept":"common-minibeasts-naming-and-recognising","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"minibeasts-in-the-food-chain","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Minibeasts in the food chain"},"summary":{"en":"Minibeasts in the food chain: simple garden food chains. A caterpillar eats a leaf, a bird eats the caterpillar. The idea that minibeasts are food for other animals, and that minibeasts eat things too."},"needs":[{"concept":"common-minibeasts-naming-and-recognising","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"missing-number-problems-age-7","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Missing number problems (age 7+)"},"summary":{"en":"Solve addition and subtraction problems including missing-number problems, using number facts, place value, and more complex methods"},"needs":[{"concept":"adding-and-subtracting-age-7","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"two-step-word-problems","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"mixed-and-conflicting-emotions","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Mixed and Conflicting Emotions"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that people can experience mixed or conflicting emotions at the same time — feeling excited and nervous about starting a new school, or happy for a friend who won but disappointed for yourself"},"needs":[{"concept":"emotion-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"mild-to-strong-emotions","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"mixed-and-improper-fractions","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Mixed & Improper Fractions"},"summary":{"en":"Use the four operations with formal written methods applied to integers, decimals, proper and improper fractions, and mixed numbers, all both positive and negative"},"needs":[{"concept":"adding-fractions-unlike-denominators","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"multiplying-fractions-age-10","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"dividing-fractions-unit-fractions","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"mixed-numbers-and-improper-fractions","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Mixed numbers and improper fractions"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise mixed numbers and improper fractions; convert from one form to the other (e.g. 2/5 + 4/5 = 6/5 = 1 1/5)"},"needs":[{"concept":"understanding-fractions-age-9","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"fractions-of-a-whole-age-8","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"fraction-notation","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"modal-verbs-and-possibility","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Modal Verbs and Possibility"},"summary":{"en":"Understand and use modal verbs (can, may, must, might, shall, will, could, should, would) and modal adverbs (perhaps, surely, certainly) to indicate degrees of possibility, necessity, and permission"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-present-perfect-tense","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"standard-english-verbs","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"past-present-and-progressive-tense","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"simple-past-present-and-future","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"modelling-with-multiplication-and-fractions","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Modelling with multiplication and fractions"},"summary":{"en":"Model real-world problems involving multiplication, area, fractions, and unit conversion by choosing appropriate representations and interpreting mathematical results in context"},"needs":[{"concept":"converting-measurement-units","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"understanding-angles-age-8-maths","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"working-with-money","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"modelling-with-sketches","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Modelling with Sketches"},"summary":{"en":"Develop a simple sketch, drawing, or physical model to illustrate how the shape of an object helps it function as needed to solve a given problem"},"needs":[{"concept":"asking-scientific-questions","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"modern-archaeology-and-egyptian-ethics","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Modern Archaeology and Egyptian Ethics"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that modern Egyptologists use advanced technologies — CT scanning of mummies, satellite imagery to find buried structures, DNA analysis — alongside traditional excavation, and think critically about the ethics of archaeology: whether mummies should be displayed in museums, who owns ancient artefacts, and how colonial-era collecting affects how we study and present ancient Egypt today"},"needs":[{"concept":"changing-scientific-knowledge","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"discovering-tutankhamun-s-tomb","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"building-the-pyramids","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"evidence-versus-interpretation","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"persuasive-writing","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"questioning-historical-sources","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"egyptian-tomb-paintings-and-artefacts","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"moments-pressure-and-hooke-s-law","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Moments, Pressure & Hooke's Law"},"summary":{"en":"Calculate the turning effect (moment = force × perpendicular distance), explain how pressure is transmitted equally in liquids (Pascal's principle) and the concept of atmospheric pressure, and describe Hooke's Law (extension ∝ force up to the elastic limit)"},"needs":[{"concept":"resultant-forces","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"levers-pulleys-and-gears","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"money-addition-and-subtraction","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Money Addition & Subtraction"},"summary":{"en":"Solve simple money problems involving addition and subtraction, including giving change"},"needs":[{"concept":"adding-money-and-giving-change","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"subtraction-as-taking-away-or-separating","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"monitoring-comprehension","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Monitoring Comprehension"},"summary":{"en":"Notice the difference between decoding words and actually understanding them — recognise when you've read the words but not grasped the meaning, and do something about it"},"needs":[{"concept":"feeling-of-not-understanding","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"reading-for-meaning","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"monitoring-volcanoes","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Monitoring Volcanoes"},"summary":{"en":"Understand how volcanologists monitor volcanoes by looking for warning signs — gas emissions, ground swelling, small earthquakes — and that prediction involves evidence and uncertainty, not certainty"},"needs":[{"concept":"active-dormant-and-extinct","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"plate-boundaries","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"inside-a-volcano","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"moon-phases","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Moon Phases"},"summary":{"en":"Observe and describe the Moon's changing shape over about a month, recognising that it goes through a repeating cycle of phases from new moon (invisible) to full moon (complete circle) and back again"},"needs":[{"concept":"sun-moon-and-stars","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"morals-in-fables-folktales-and-myths","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Morals in Fables, Folktales and Myths"},"summary":{"en":"Explain how the central message, lesson, or moral of a story is conveyed through key details across diverse text types including fables, folktales, and myths"},"needs":[{"concept":"story-lessons-and-morals","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"themes-and-messages","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"more-batteries-brighter-bulb","subject":"science","names":{"en":"More batteries, brighter bulb"},"summary":{"en":"Associate the brightness of a lamp or volume of a buzzer with the number and voltage of cells used in a series circuit"},"needs":[{"concept":"how-switches-work","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"circuit-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"how-energy-travels-around","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"motors-and-the-motor-effect","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Motors & the Motor Effect"},"summary":{"en":"Explain the motor effect as the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field, and describe how this principle is used in electric motors and loudspeakers"},"needs":[{"concept":"electromagnets","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[13,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"multi-step-multiply-and-divide","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Multi-Step Multiply & Divide"},"summary":{"en":"Solve problems involving multiplication and division, including scaling problems and correspondence problems where n objects are connected to m objects"},"needs":[{"concept":"written-multiplication-and-division","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"multiplication-as-repeated-addition-age-6","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"multi-step-problem-solving","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Multi-Step Problem Solving"},"summary":{"en":"With teacher support, make sense of multi-step problems involving larger numbers or mixed operations by breaking them into parts, choosing strategies, and checking answers for reasonableness — children at this stage are developing the habit with guidance; independent strategy evaluation comes later"},"needs":[{"concept":"trying-a-new-approach","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"building-sentences","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"guided-multi-step-problem-solving","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"estimating-by-rounding","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"missing-number-problems-age-7","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"multi-step-problem-solving-maths","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Multi-Step Problem Solving"},"summary":{"en":"Make sense of multi-step problems involving four operations, fractions, and area/volume by identifying sub-steps, choosing a strategy, and monitoring progress"},"needs":[{"concept":"fractions-of-amounts-harder","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"multi-step-problem-solving","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"learning-from-mistakes","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"perimeters-of-polygons","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"multi-step-problems-choosing-operations","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Multi-step problems: choosing operations"},"summary":{"en":"Solve problems involving addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, deciding which operations and methods to use and why; solve multi-step problems in contexts"},"needs":[{"concept":"order-of-operations","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"division-with-remainders","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"division-with-remainders-age-10","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"multimedia-elements-in-texts","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Multimedia elements in texts"},"summary":{"en":"Analyse how visual and multimedia elements contribute to the meaning, tone, or beauty of a text such as graphic novels, multimedia presentations, or illustrated editions of fiction and poetry"},"needs":[{"concept":"pictures-and-text-working-together","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"multimedia-presentations","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Multimedia Presentations"},"summary":{"en":"Include multimedia components and visual displays in presentations when appropriate to enhance the development of main ideas or themes"},"needs":[{"concept":"reciting-poetry","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"multiple-accounts-of-events","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Multiple Accounts of Events"},"summary":{"en":"Analyse multiple accounts of the same event or topic, noting important similarities and differences in the point of view they represent"},"needs":[{"concept":"firsthand-and-secondhand-accounts","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"multiplication-and-division-word-problems","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Multiplication and Division Word Problems"},"summary":{"en":"Use multiplication and division within 100 to solve word problems involving equal groups, arrays, and measurement quantities"},"needs":[{"concept":"what-multiplication-means","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"what-division-means","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"multiplication-as-repeated-addition","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Multiplication as repeated addition"},"summary":{"en":"Understand multiplication as repeated addition and grouping equal sets"},"needs":[{"concept":"counting-in-2s","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"addition-as-combining-or-putting-together-two","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"multiplication-as-repeated-addition-age-6","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Multiplication as repeated addition (age 6+)"},"summary":{"en":"Solve problems involving multiplication and division using arrays, repeated addition, mental methods, and known facts"},"needs":[{"concept":"arrays-for-multiplication","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"times-tables","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"multiplication-as-scaling","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Multiplication as scaling"},"summary":{"en":"Interpret multiplication as scaling (resizing): compare the size of a product to a factor based on the size of the other factor without computing; explain the effect of multiplying by fractions greater than, equal to, or less than 1"},"needs":[{"concept":"multiplying-fractions-age-10","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"equivalent-fractions-age-9","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"area-with-fractions","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"multiplicative-comparison","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Multiplicative Comparison"},"summary":{"en":"Solve word problems involving multiplicative comparison using drawings and equations with a symbol for the unknown number"},"needs":[{"concept":"multiplicative-comparison-maths","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"multiplication-and-division-word-problems","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"multiplicative-comparison-maths","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Multiplicative Comparison"},"summary":{"en":"Interpret a multiplication equation as a comparison (e.g. 35 = 5 × 7 means 35 is 5 times as many as 7); represent verbal statements of multiplicative comparisons as equations"},"needs":[{"concept":"what-multiplication-means","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"multiply-and-add-problems","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Multiply & Add Problems"},"summary":{"en":"Solve problems involving multiplying and adding, including using the distributive law, integer scaling problems, and harder correspondence problems"},"needs":[{"concept":"written-multiplication","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"multi-step-multiply-and-divide","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"properties-of-operations","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"multiplying-and-dividing","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Multiplying and dividing"},"summary":{"en":"Multiply and divide whole numbers and those involving decimals by 10, 100, and 1000"},"needs":[{"concept":"dividing-by-10-and-100","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"place-value-10-pattern","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"multiplying-and-dividing-age-10","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Multiplying and dividing (age 10+)"},"summary":{"en":"Multiply and divide numbers by 10, 100, and 1000 giving answers up to three decimal places, understanding that digits shift position in the place-value chart"},"needs":[{"concept":"multiplying-and-dividing","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"reading-decimal-places","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"multiplying-by-tens","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Multiplying by Tens"},"summary":{"en":"Multiply one-digit whole numbers by multiples of 10 in the range 10–90 using strategies based on place value and properties of operations"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-three-digits-of-a-three-digit-number","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"fluent-multiplication-and-division-facts","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"multiplying-fractions","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Multiplying fractions"},"summary":{"en":"Understand a/b as a multiple of 1/b; multiply proper fractions and mixed numbers by whole numbers, supported by visual models (e.g. 3 × 2/5 = 6/5 = 1 1/5)"},"needs":[{"concept":"understanding-fractions-age-9","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"multiplying-fractions-age-10","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Multiplying fractions (age 10+)"},"summary":{"en":"Multiply a fraction or whole number by a fraction, including proper fractions by proper fractions; interpret (a/b) × q as a parts of q partitioned into b equal parts; write answers in simplest form"},"needs":[{"concept":"simplifying-fractions","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"multiplying-fractions","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"multiplying-fractions-age-11","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Multiplying fractions (age 11+)"},"summary":{"en":"Interpret fractions and percentages as operators — find a fraction or percentage of an amount by multiplying, understanding that 'of' means multiply (e.g., 3/4 of 200 = 3/4 × 200 = 150)"},"needs":[{"concept":"percentages-as-fractions","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"mummification-step-by-step","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Mummification Step by Step"},"summary":{"en":"Describe the step-by-step process of mummification: the body was washed, internal organs were removed and placed in canopic jars, the body was dried with natron salt for 40 days, then wrapped in linen bandages with amulets tucked between the layers, and finally placed in a decorated coffin (sarcophagus)"},"needs":[{"concept":"egyptian-gods-and-goddesses","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"egyptian-gods-and-the-afterlife","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"skeletons-and-muscles","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"vocabulary-ancient-egypt","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"muscles-work-in-pairs","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Muscles Work in Pairs"},"summary":{"en":"Explain that muscles work in antagonistic pairs — one contracts while the other relaxes — to produce movement, using the bicep and tricep as a key example"},"needs":[{"concept":"joints-tendons-and-ligaments","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"naming-basic-emotions","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Naming Basic Emotions"},"summary":{"en":"Name and recognise basic emotions — happy, sad, angry, scared, excited, and surprised — in themselves and in others by looking at facial expressions and body language"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"naming-common-animals","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Naming Common Animals"},"summary":{"en":"Identify and name common animals from major groups: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"naming-everyday-materials","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Naming Everyday Materials"},"summary":{"en":"Identify and name a variety of everyday materials including wood, plastic, glass, metal, water, and rock"},"needs":[{"concept":"objects-vs-materials","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"naming-major-bones","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Naming Major Bones"},"summary":{"en":"Identify major bones of the human skeleton by name (skull, spine/vertebrae, ribcage, pelvis, femur, humerus) and explain the skeleton’s three jobs: supporting the body’s shape, protecting organs, and enabling movement with muscles"},"needs":[{"concept":"bones-and-muscles","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"naming-the-planets","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Naming the Planets"},"summary":{"en":"Name the planets in our solar system in order from the Sun and use vocabulary for space — planet, star, sun, moon, satellite, orbit, solar system, galaxy, universe, asteroid, comet — applying these correctly when describing the structure of the solar system and objects we see in the sky"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"naming-types-of-energy","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Naming types of energy"},"summary":{"en":"Name and use vocabulary for types of energy and energy transfer — kinetic energy, potential energy, heat energy, light energy, sound energy, electrical energy, chemical energy, stored energy, energy transfer, energy transformation — and describe energy changes in familiar situations using these terms"},"needs":[],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"naming-your-feelings","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Naming Your Feelings"},"summary":{"en":"Notice what you are feeling and put a name to it — being able to label an emotion is the first step to understanding and managing it"},"needs":[{"concept":"vocabulary-self","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"feeling-of-not-understanding","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"narrative-perspective-and-unreliable-narrators","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Narrative Perspective and Unreliable Narrators"},"summary":{"en":"Analyse point of view and narrative perspective — including first person, third person limited and omniscient, and unreliable narrator — and how the author's or narrator's perspective shapes the reader's understanding and creates effects such as suspense, irony, or humour"},"needs":[{"concept":"using-and-evaluating-textual-evidence","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"plot-structure-and-character-development","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"narrative-writing","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Narrative Writing"},"summary":{"en":"Write narratives with developed settings, characters and plot, using dialogue and description to develop experiences and show character responses to situations"},"needs":[{"concept":"writing-craft-vocabulary","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"simple-stories-with-beginning-and-ending","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"narrator-s-point-of-view","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Narrator's Point of View"},"summary":{"en":"Compare and contrast the point of view from which different stories are narrated, including distinguishing between first-person and third-person narration and explaining how the narrator's perspective shapes the reader's understanding"},"needs":[{"concept":"character-traits-and-motivation","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"characters-viewpoints-and-responses","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"natural-disaster-solutions","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Natural Disaster Solutions"},"summary":{"en":"Generate and compare multiple solutions to reduce the impacts of natural Earth processes on humans, such as earthquakes, floods, or volcanic eruptions"},"needs":[{"concept":"designing-for-weather-hazards","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"human-impact-on-environments","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"rapid-earth-changes","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"natural-resources","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Natural resources"},"summary":{"en":"Obtain and combine information to describe that energy and fuels are derived from natural resources and that their uses affect the environment"},"needs":[{"concept":"changing-environments","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"how-energy-travels-around","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"human-impact-on-environments","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"needs-and-wants","subject":"life-skills","names":{"en":"Needs & Wants"},"summary":{"en":"The difference between things we need (food, shelter, clothing) and things we want (toys, treats); that we sometimes have to choose because money is limited"},"needs":[{"concept":"what-money-is","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"negative-numbers","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Negative Numbers"},"summary":{"en":"Count backwards through zero to include negative numbers"},"needs":[{"concept":"counting-within-1-000","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"negative-numbers-in-context","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Negative numbers in context"},"summary":{"en":"Interpret negative numbers in context (temperature, sea level, bank balance); count forwards and backwards with positive and negative whole numbers, including through zero"},"needs":[{"concept":"negative-numbers","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"net-zero-and-energy-transition","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Net Zero & Energy Transition"},"summary":{"en":"Evaluate the energy transition required to reach net zero: renewable energy scaling, electrification of transport and heat, green hydrogen; describe carbon capture and storage (CCS) and direct air capture (DAC); introduce proposed solar radiation management techniques (stratospheric aerosol injection, marine cloud brightening) and their potential risks and governance challenges; critically evaluate the role of individual behaviour change versus systemic policy in reducing emissions"},"needs":[{"concept":"reading-ancient-climate-records","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"renewable-vs-non-renewable-energy","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[13,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"nets-of-3-d-shapes","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Nets of 3-D Shapes"},"summary":{"en":"Identify, draw, and interpret nets of common 3-D shapes — cubes, cuboids, triangular prisms, and square-based pyramids — by predicting which 3-D shape a given flat arrangement of faces will fold into, checking whether a net will close completely, and sketching a net from a description or 3-D model; understand the relationship between the number of faces and the structure of the net"},"needs":[],"ages":[8,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"neurons-and-brain-structure","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Neurons & Brain Structure"},"summary":{"en":"Explain how neurons transmit signals as electrochemical impulses across synapses, describe how the brain is organised (lobes and functions, limbic system for emotion), and explain neuroplasticity — why learning and practice physically change brain structure — connecting to optical illusions as evidence that the brain constructs reality rather than passively recording it"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-nervous-system","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"newton-s-first-and-second-laws","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Newton's First & Second Laws"},"summary":{"en":"State and apply Newton's First Law (an object stays at rest or constant velocity unless acted on by a resultant force) and Second Law (force = mass × acceleration), including the relationship between mass, force, and acceleration"},"needs":[{"concept":"resultant-forces","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"mass-vs-weight","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"air-resistance-and-friction","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"newton-s-third-law","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Newton's Third Law"},"summary":{"en":"State and apply Newton's Third Law: every force has an equal and opposite reaction force acting on a different object, distinguishing action-reaction pairs from balanced forces"},"needs":[{"concept":"newton-s-first-and-second-laws","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"nocturnal-animals","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Nocturnal Animals"},"summary":{"en":"Know that some animals are nocturnal — active at night and sleeping during the day — and that nocturnal animals often have special features like big eyes (owls, tarsiers), large ears (bats, fennec foxes), or sensitive whiskers to help them find food in the dark"},"needs":[{"concept":"animal-homes","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"animals-everywhere","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"non-fiction-text-features","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Non-Fiction Text Features"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise different non-fiction text structures and features (headings, contents, glossary, index), understanding how texts are organised to present information"},"needs":[{"concept":"main-topic-of-informational-texts","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"book-features-and-author-s-reasons","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"not-all-minibeasts-are-insects","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Not all minibeasts are insects"},"summary":{"en":"Not all minibeasts are insects: distinguishing insects from other minibeasts. Spiders have 8 legs and 2 body parts (arachnids), woodlice have 14 legs (crustaceans), worms have no legs, snails have a shell and one foot. The 'Is it an insect?' sorting game."},"needs":[{"concept":"the-insect-body-plan","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"nth-term-rules","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Nth-Term Rules"},"summary":{"en":"Find the nth-term expression for an arithmetic sequence by identifying the common difference and the zero-term, and use it to determine any term in the sequence or test whether a given number belongs to the sequence"},"needs":[{"concept":"solving-linear-equations","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"generating-sequences","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"number-bonds","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Number bonds"},"summary":{"en":"Recall number bonds (addition and related subtraction facts) within 20"},"needs":[{"concept":"number-bonds-to-9","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"fluent-adding-and-subtracting-within-5","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"number-bonds-to-9","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Number bonds to 9"},"summary":{"en":"Find the number that makes 10 when added to a given number from 1 to 9 (number bonds to 10)"},"needs":[{"concept":"numbers-up-to-10-into-pairs","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[4,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"number-of-minutes-in-an-hour","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Number of minutes in an hour"},"summary":{"en":"Know the number of minutes in an hour and the number of hours in a day"},"needs":[{"concept":"telling-time-to-the-minute","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"number-pattern-relationships","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Number Pattern Relationships"},"summary":{"en":"Generate two numerical patterns using two given rules; identify relationships between corresponding terms; form ordered pairs and graph them on a coordinate plane"},"needs":[{"concept":"shape-patterns-maths","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"ratio-problems","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"coordinates-age-8","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"number-sets-and-infinity","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Number Sets & Infinity"},"summary":{"en":"Appreciate the infinite nature of the sets of integers, real numbers, and rational numbers; position integers on a number line and distinguish between rational and irrational numbers"},"needs":[{"concept":"square-and-cube-numbers-maths","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"decimals-and-fractions-age-11","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[13,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"number-words-to-100","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Number Words to 100"},"summary":{"en":"Read and write numbers to at least 100 in words"},"needs":[{"concept":"number-words-to-twenty","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"reading-and-writing-numbers-to-100","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"number-words-to-twenty","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Number Words to Twenty"},"summary":{"en":"Read and write number words from one to twenty"},"needs":[{"concept":"reading-and-writing-numbers-to-20","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"blending-sounds-to-read-words","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"reading-high-frequency-words-by-sight","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"numbers-on-a-number-line","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Numbers on a number line"},"summary":{"en":"Represent whole numbers as lengths on a number line and represent sums and differences within 100 on a number line diagram"},"needs":[{"concept":"representing-numbers","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"fluent-adding-and-subtracting-within-100","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"numbers-on-a-number-line-2","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Numbers on a number line"},"summary":{"en":"Understand a coordinate system defined by two perpendicular number lines (axes) with an origin at (0,0); know that an ordered pair (x, y) specifies a unique point where the first number gives horizontal distance and the second gives vertical distance from the origin"},"needs":[{"concept":"lines-rays-and-angles","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"numbers-on-a-number-line-3","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Numbers on a number line"},"summary":{"en":"Select and use appropriate tools and representations (number lines, hundred squares, rulers, part-whole models) to support problem-solving"},"needs":[{"concept":"hands-on-problem-solving","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"measuring-length-age-6","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"adding-within-100","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"numbers-on-a-number-line-4","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Numbers on a number line"},"summary":{"en":"Solve word problems involving elapsed time by adding and subtracting time intervals in minutes, including using a number line"},"needs":[{"concept":"comparing-time-durations","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"telling-time-to-the-minute-age-8","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"numbers-on-a-number-line-5","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Numbers on a number line"},"summary":{"en":"Understand the absolute value of a rational number as its distance from zero on the number line; interpret absolute value as magnitude in real-world contexts; distinguish absolute value comparisons from ordering statements"},"needs":[{"concept":"positive-and-negative-numbers","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"numbers-on-a-number-line-maths","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Numbers on a number line"},"summary":{"en":"Understand inequalities as statements comparing expressions, represent solutions on a number line, and solve simple linear inequalities using the same inverse-operation methods as equations"},"needs":[{"concept":"solving-linear-equations","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"fractions-on-a-number-line-age-11","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"numbers-to-10-000","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Numbers to 10,000"},"summary":{"en":"Identify, represent, and estimate numbers up to 10,000 using different representations"},"needs":[{"concept":"representing-numbers","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"place-value-of-each-digit","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"numbers-to-ten-million","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Numbers to Ten Million"},"summary":{"en":"Solve number and practical problems involving reading, writing, ordering, comparing, rounding, and negative numbers up to 10,000,000"},"needs":[{"concept":"decimal-place-value-3","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"reading-and-writing-numbers-to-10-000-000","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"measuring-temperature","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"numbers-up-to-10-into-pairs","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Numbers up to 10 into pairs"},"summary":{"en":"Decompose numbers up to 10 into pairs in more than one way (part-part-whole)"},"needs":[{"concept":"addition-as-combining-or-putting-together-two","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[4,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"nutrient-cycling-in-thin-soil","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Nutrient Cycling in Thin Soil"},"summary":{"en":"Understand the paradox of nutrient cycling in rainforests — despite lush growth, rainforest soil is typically thin and nutrient-poor because most nutrients are locked in living organisms, not the soil; decomposition is rapid in the warm, wet conditions, and nutrients released from dead material are immediately absorbed by plant roots and fungi, creating a fast, closed-loop recycling system"},"needs":[{"concept":"rainforest-food-webs","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"rainforest-plant-adaptations","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"nutrient-transport-in-animals","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Nutrient Transport in Animals"},"summary":{"en":"Describe how nutrients and water are transported within animals, including the role of the circulatory system in delivering nutrients from digestion"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-circulatory-system","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"organ-systems-vocabulary","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"the-digestive-system","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"nutrients-in-a-healthy-diet","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Nutrients in a Healthy Diet"},"summary":{"en":"Identify the seven components of a healthy diet — carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, dietary fibre, and water — and explain the role of each in the body"},"needs":[{"concept":"animal-nutrition","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"objects-vs-materials","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Objects vs Materials"},"summary":{"en":"Distinguish between an object and the material from which it is made, understanding that objects can be made from different materials"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"observation-vs-interpretation","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Observation vs Interpretation"},"summary":{"en":"Notice the difference between what you observed and what you think it means — 'the ice melted' is an observation; 'the ice melted because of the heat' is an interpretation"},"needs":[{"concept":"feeling-of-not-understanding","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"observing-with-light-waves","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Observing with Light Waves"},"summary":{"en":"Explain how the electromagnetic spectrum is the primary tool of modern astronomy — different wavelengths (radio, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-ray, gamma-ray) reveal different phenomena, why some telescopes must be in space, and what specific discoveries each wavelength range has enabled (e.g. CMB in microwave, black hole jets in X-ray, cold gas clouds in radio)"},"needs":[{"concept":"why-the-sun-looks-brightest","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"observing-with-simple-equipment","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Observing with simple equipment"},"summary":{"en":"Observe closely using simple equipment such as hand lenses, and use observations to describe, compare, and identify things"},"needs":[{"concept":"asking-scientific-questions","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"ocean-animal-adaptations","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Ocean Animal Adaptations"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that ocean animals have special adaptations for their environment: streamlined bodies for fast swimming, camouflage to hide from predators, blubber to keep warm in cold seas, and tentacles or suckers to catch prey"},"needs":[{"concept":"what-ocean-animals-need","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"ocean-animal-variety","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"ocean-animal-migrations","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Ocean Animal Migrations"},"summary":{"en":"Know that many ocean animals undertake remarkable migrations — humpback whales travel thousands of miles between feeding and breeding grounds, sea turtles return to the same beach where they hatched to lay eggs — and understand these journeys are linked to seasonal food supplies and reproduction"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-five-oceans","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"ocean-animal-adaptations","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"animal-migration","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"ocean-food-webs","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"ocean-animal-variety","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Ocean Animal Variety"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise that the ocean is home to an amazing variety of animals — from tiny seahorses and colourful clownfish to enormous whales and sharks — and that ocean animals come in many shapes and sizes"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"ocean-currents-and-global-heat","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Ocean Currents and Global Heat"},"summary":{"en":"Explain thermohaline circulation (the global conveyor belt) as driven by temperature and salinity differences that cause dense water to sink; describe how the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) transfers heat from the tropics toward Europe; explain that oceans absorb more than 90% of excess heat and ~25% of CO2 from human emissions; explore what would happen to Northern European climates if circulation weakened"},"needs":[{"concept":"oceans-and-climate","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"ocean-depth-zones","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Ocean Depth Zones"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that the ocean has different zones depending on depth and light: the sunlight zone near the surface where most life lives, the twilight zone where light fades, and the midnight zone of total darkness"},"needs":[{"concept":"what-is-the-ocean","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"ocean-animal-variety","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"ocean-ecosystems","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Ocean Ecosystems"},"summary":{"en":"Understand ocean ecosystems as interconnected systems where living things (producers, consumers, decomposers) and non-living factors (temperature, salinity, light, currents) all interact, and that changes to one part affect the whole system"},"needs":[{"concept":"ocean-food-webs","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"ocean-depth-zones","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"changing-environments","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"ocean-food-chains","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Ocean Food Chains"},"summary":{"en":"Describe a simple ocean food chain: tiny plants (phytoplankton) are eaten by small animals, which are eaten by bigger fish, which are eaten by top predators like sharks — showing that all ocean life depends on others for food"},"needs":[{"concept":"what-ocean-animals-need","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"ocean-animal-variety","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"ocean-food-webs","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Ocean Food Webs"},"summary":{"en":"Understand ocean food webs: multiple interconnected food chains where energy flows from phytoplankton (producers) through zooplankton, small fish, and large predators, and that removing one species affects the whole web"},"needs":[{"concept":"classifying-ocean-animals","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"ocean-food-chains","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"ocean-pollution-and-harm","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Ocean Pollution & Harm"},"summary":{"en":"Identify ways humans harm the ocean — plastic pollution, overfishing, oil spills, and ocean acidification from carbon dioxide — and understand that most ocean pollution comes from land-based activities, not just ships"},"needs":[{"concept":"ocean-food-webs","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"ocean-ecosystems","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"oceans-and-climate","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Oceans & Climate"},"summary":{"en":"Understand the connection between the ocean and climate: the ocean absorbs heat and carbon dioxide, drives weather patterns through evaporation, and ocean currents distribute warmth around the planet — making the ocean Earth's climate engine"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-five-oceans","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"weather-vs-climate-science","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"tides-waves-and-currents","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"ocean-ecosystems","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"odd-and-even-numbers","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Odd and even numbers"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise odd and even numbers"},"needs":[{"concept":"division-as-equal-sharing","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"counting-in-2s","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"odd-or-even","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Odd or Even"},"summary":{"en":"Determine whether a group of objects (up to 20) has an odd or even number of members"},"needs":[{"concept":"counting-in-2s","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"addition-as-combining-or-putting-together-two","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"offspring-resemble-parents","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Offspring resemble parents"},"summary":{"en":"Observe that young plants and animals resemble their parents but are not identical, recognising inherited similarities and individual differences"},"needs":[{"concept":"inherited-characteristics","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"animal-life-stages","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"how-animals-have-babies","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[6,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"ohm-s-law-voltage-current-resistance","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Ohm's Law: voltage, current, resistance"},"summary":{"en":"Apply Ohm's Law (V = IR) to calculate current, voltage, or resistance in a simple circuit, and explain that resistance opposes the flow of current"},"needs":[{"concept":"current-voltage-and-what-they-measure","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"one-more-each-time","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"One More Each Time"},"summary":{"en":"Each successive counting number represents a quantity that is one larger than the previous number"},"needs":[{"concept":"how-many-in-total","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[4,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"one-quantity-as-a-fraction","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"One Quantity as a Fraction"},"summary":{"en":"Express one quantity as a fraction of another where the result may be less than 1 or greater than 1, and interpret the meaning in context"},"needs":[{"concept":"adding-fractions-unlike-denominators","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"decimals-and-fractions-age-10","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"proportional-reasoning-vocabulary","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"one-to-one-counting","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"One-to-one counting"},"summary":{"en":"One-to-one correspondence when counting objects: each object is paired with exactly one number name"},"needs":[],"ages":[4,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"online-identity-and-misinformation","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Online Identity and Misinformation"},"summary":{"en":"Understand the ethics of online identity and the importance of consistency between who you are online and offline; explain how recommendation algorithms and filter bubbles narrow information exposure; evaluate the psychology of misinformation: why it spreads, why smart people believe it, and how to apply source evaluation (lateral reading, checking evidence, recognising emotional manipulation); understand digital consent around sharing images or personal information; explore the ethics of AI, surveillance, and data privacy as they affect everyday life; reflect on responsible content creation and online influence"},"needs":[{"concept":"risk-uncertainty-and-cognitive-bias","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"basic-digital-citizenship","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"onsets-and-rimes","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Onsets & Rimes"},"summary":{"en":"Blend and segment onsets and rimes in single-syllable words; isolate and pronounce individual phonemes (initial, medial, final) in CVC words; add or substitute phonemes to make new words"},"needs":[{"concept":"rhyming-words","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"syllables","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[4,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"orbital-mechanics","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Orbital Mechanics"},"summary":{"en":"Apply Newton's laws to explain orbital motion: why orbit is continuously falling sideways rather than floating; how a gravity assist (slingshot manoeuvre) transfers momentum from a planet to a spacecraft; and why rockets need to reach a specific speed to enter orbit — with a conceptual (not algebraic) treatment of the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation"},"needs":[{"concept":"universal-gravitation","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"gravity-pulls-things-down","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"order-of-operations","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Order of operations"},"summary":{"en":"Understand and apply the conventional order of operations (PEMDAS/BODMAS) to carry out calculations involving the four operations"},"needs":[{"concept":"brackets-in-expressions","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"order-of-operations-age-10","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Order of operations (age 10+)"},"summary":{"en":"Look for and use mathematical structure: exploit the hierarchy of 2-D shapes to deduce properties; use order of operations and algebraic structure to simplify expressions; connect fraction–decimal–percentage equivalences; use ratio structure to solve proportion problems efficiently"},"needs":[{"concept":"decimals-and-fractions-age-10","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"fractions-decimals-and-percentages","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"classifying-shapes-by-properties","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"spotting-patterns","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"ordering-events-in-time","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Ordering Events in Time"},"summary":{"en":"Sequence events in chronological order using language such as before, after, next, first, today, yesterday, tomorrow, morning, afternoon, evening"},"needs":[],"ages":[4,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"ordering-likelihoods","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Ordering Likelihoods"},"summary":{"en":"Compare the likelihood of different events and order them from least to most likely — including situations with unequal outcomes such as a bag with more of one colour than another, or a spinner with sections of different sizes — and explain reasoning using informal language"},"needs":[{"concept":"likelihood-language","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"ordering-numbers-to-1000","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Ordering Numbers to 1000"},"summary":{"en":"Compare and order numbers up to 1000 using >, =, and < symbols, based on place-value understanding"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-three-digits-of-a-three-digit-number","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"comparing-and-ordering-numbers","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"organ-systems-vocabulary","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Organ Systems Vocabulary"},"summary":{"en":"Use technical vocabulary for the major organ systems — organ, organ system, circulatory system, digestive system, respiratory system, skeletal system, muscular system, nutrient, oxygen, carbon dioxide, blood vessel, artery, vein, capillary, enzyme — and describe the function of each system using these terms"},"needs":[],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"organising-writing-into-paragraphs","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Organising Writing into Paragraphs"},"summary":{"en":"Organise writing into paragraphs, grouping related material around a theme, and use simple organisational devices such as headings and sub-headings in non-narrative writing"},"needs":[{"concept":"building-writing-stamina","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"simple-stories-with-beginning-and-ending","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"writing-process-vocabulary","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"other-people-s-feelings-and-thoughts","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Other People's Feelings and Thoughts"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that other people have their own feelings and thoughts, and that these might be different from your own — a foundational awareness that not everyone sees or feels things the same way"},"needs":[{"concept":"vocabulary-understanding-others","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"our-solar-system","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Our Solar System"},"summary":{"en":"Know that there are other planets besides Earth and that our group of planets orbiting the Sun is called the solar system — and that space is the vast area beyond Earth's sky"},"needs":[{"concept":"sun-moon-and-stars","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"palaeoart-and-speculation","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Palaeoart & Speculation"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that palaeoart — scientific illustrations and models of dinosaurs — is based on fossil evidence but involves informed speculation about skin colour, feathers, and soft tissues that don't usually fossilise"},"needs":[{"concept":"fossils-and-palaeontologists","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"birds-evolved-from-dinosaurs","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"paragraph-cohesion","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Paragraph Cohesion"},"summary":{"en":"Link ideas across paragraphs using a wider range of cohesive devices including word repetition, grammatical connections such as adverbials, and ellipsis to create coherent extended texts"},"needs":[{"concept":"cohesion-within-paragraphs","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"linking-paragraphs-with-adverbials","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"parallel-and-perpendicular-lines","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Parallel and perpendicular lines"},"summary":{"en":"Identify horizontal and vertical lines and pairs of perpendicular and parallel lines"},"needs":[{"concept":"right-angles-and-turns","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"positional-language","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"paraphrasing-what-you-hear","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Paraphrasing What You Hear"},"summary":{"en":"Paraphrase portions of a text read aloud or information presented in diverse media and formats, capturing the key ideas accurately in one's own words"},"needs":[{"concept":"main-ideas-and-note-taking","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"parts-of-a-circle","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Parts of a circle"},"summary":{"en":"Illustrate and name parts of circles, including radius, diameter, and circumference; know that the diameter is twice the radius"},"needs":[],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"parts-of-a-plant","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Parts of a Plant"},"summary":{"en":"Identify and describe the basic structure of common flowering plants (roots, stem, leaves, flowers) and trees (roots, trunk, branches, leaves)"},"needs":[{"concept":"common-plants-and-trees","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"parts-of-plant-and-animal-cells","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Parts of Plant and Animal Cells"},"summary":{"en":"Describe the functions of the main components of plant and animal cells: cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, vacuole, mitochondria, ribosomes, and chloroplasts"},"needs":[{"concept":"cells-under-the-microscope","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"past-present-and-progressive-tense","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Past, Present and Progressive Tense"},"summary":{"en":"Use verbs to convey past and present tense correctly and consistently, including the progressive form (e.g., she is drumming, he was shouting), understanding how tense indicates time"},"needs":[{"concept":"revising-and-editing","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"building-sentences","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"grammar-terms-nouns-verbs-and-tense","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"basic-nouns-and-verbs","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"pathogens-and-the-immune-system","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Pathogens & the Immune System"},"summary":{"en":"Explain how pathogens (bacteria, viruses, and fungi) cause disease and describe how the immune system responds, including the roles of white blood cells (phagocytosis, antibody production) and the concept of immunity"},"needs":[{"concept":"cells-to-organ-systems","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"single-celled-organisms","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"patience-and-delayed-gratification","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Patience and Delayed Gratification"},"summary":{"en":"Wait for things they want without becoming very distressed — practising patience and delayed gratification in everyday situations like waiting their turn, waiting for a treat, or waiting for help"},"needs":[{"concept":"simple-calming-strategies","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"words-for-big-feelings","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"patterns-and-classification","subject":"computing","names":{"en":"Patterns and Classification"},"summary":{"en":"Humans are great at spotting patterns; computers can learn to spot patterns too, but they need lots of examples; sorting and classification activities as the basis of machine learning"},"needs":[{"concept":"data-and-information-for-computers","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"patterns-and-codes-for-information","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Patterns & Codes for Information"},"summary":{"en":"Generate and compare multiple solutions that use patterns to transfer information, such as codes and signals"},"needs":[{"concept":"waves-and-how-they-move","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"communication-with-light-and-sound","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"patterns-and-sequences","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Patterns & Sequences"},"summary":{"en":"Order and arrange combinations of mathematical objects in patterns and sequences"},"needs":[{"concept":"rote-counting-to-100","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"counting-in-2s","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"patterns-in-times-tables","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Patterns in Times Tables"},"summary":{"en":"Identify arithmetic patterns (including patterns in the addition table or multiplication table) and explain them using properties of operations"},"needs":[{"concept":"properties-of-operations","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"fluent-multiplication-and-division-facts","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"patterns-in-your-own-reactions","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Patterns in Your Own Reactions"},"summary":{"en":"Notice patterns in your own reactions — 'I tend to respond like this when I'm tired, left out, or put on the spot'"},"needs":[{"concept":"vocabulary-self","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"feelings-versus-actions","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"spotting-patterns","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"patterns-with-powers-of-ten","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Patterns with Powers of Ten"},"summary":{"en":"Explain patterns in zeros when multiplying by powers of 10 and in decimal-point placement when multiplying/dividing by a power of 10; use whole-number exponents to denote powers of 10 (e.g. 10³ = 1000)"},"needs":[{"concept":"place-value-10-and-10","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"multiplying-and-dividing","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"peer-pressure-and-resisting-it","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Peer Pressure and Resisting It"},"summary":{"en":"Understand peer pressure — the influence friends and peers can have on your choices and behaviour — and develop strategies for resisting pressure to do something they know is wrong or that makes them uncomfortable"},"needs":[{"concept":"vocabulary-ethics-and-citizenship","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"stop-think-then-choose","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"assertive-communication","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"bystanders-and-upstanders","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"penguins","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Penguins"},"summary":{"en":"Know key facts about penguins — they live in the Antarctic and Southern Hemisphere, they cannot fly but are excellent swimmers, Emperor penguins are the largest and huddle together in winter to keep warm, and penguin parents take turns keeping their egg warm on their feet in freezing temperatures"},"needs":[{"concept":"arctic-vs-antarctic","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"percentage-and-decimal-equivalents","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Percentage and decimal equivalents"},"summary":{"en":"Solve problems requiring knowledge of percentage and decimal equivalents of 1/2, 1/4, 1/5, 2/5, 4/5 and fractions with denominators that are multiples of 10 or 25"},"needs":[{"concept":"fraction-decimal-equivalents","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"understanding-percentages","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"percentages-age-12","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Percentages (age 12+)"},"summary":{"en":"Solve problems involving percentage increase, percentage decrease, finding the original value after a percentage change, and calculating simple interest"},"needs":[{"concept":"decimals-and-fractions-age-10","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"proportional-reasoning-vocabulary","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"calculating-percentages","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"percentages-age-9","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Percentages (age 9+)"},"summary":{"en":"Know and use the vocabulary of ratio and proportion — ratio, proportion, percentage, scale, equivalent, unequal, relative size, part-to-part, part-to-whole, and out of — and understand the difference between ratio (comparing parts to parts) and proportion (comparing a part to the whole)"},"needs":[],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"percentages-as-fractions","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Percentages as Fractions"},"summary":{"en":"Define percentage as 'number of parts per hundred'; interpret percentages and percentage changes as a fraction or a decimal; express one quantity as a percentage of another; compare quantities using percentages; work with percentages greater than 100%"},"needs":[{"concept":"proportional-reasoning-vocabulary","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"calculating-percentages","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"performing-scripts-and-poetry","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Performing Scripts & Poetry"},"summary":{"en":"Improvise, rehearse, and perform play scripts and poetry — using role, intonation, tone, volume, mood, silence, stillness, and action to generate language, explore meaning, and add impact to performance"},"needs":[{"concept":"understanding-drama-and-performance","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"perimeter-age-10","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Perimeter (age 10+)"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise that shapes with the same area can have different perimeters and vice versa; explore this relationship systematically"},"needs":[{"concept":"estimating-answers-age-9","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"perimeter-of-compound-shapes","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Perimeter of Compound Shapes"},"summary":{"en":"Measure and calculate the perimeter of composite rectilinear shapes in centimetres and metres"},"needs":[{"concept":"area-of-compound-shapes","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"perimeters-of-polygons","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"perimeters-of-polygons","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Perimeters of polygons"},"summary":{"en":"Solve problems involving perimeters of polygons: find perimeter from side lengths, find an unknown side length, and explore rectangles with same perimeter but different areas (or vice versa)"},"needs":[{"concept":"understanding-angles-age-8-maths","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"measuring-perimeters","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"persisting-when-it-s-hard","subject":"learning-to-learn","names":{"en":"Persisting When It's Hard"},"summary":{"en":"Keep trying when something feels hard — making mistakes and trying again is how learning happens"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"personal-coping-toolkit","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Personal Coping Toolkit"},"summary":{"en":"Reflect on which self-regulation and coping strategies work best for them personally, building a 'toolkit' of approaches they can draw on in different situations and sharing what works with others"},"needs":[{"concept":"resilience-and-bouncing-back","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"personal-goal-setting","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"patterns-in-your-own-reactions","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"choosing-a-strategy","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"personal-goal-setting","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Personal Goal-Setting"},"summary":{"en":"Set realistic personal goals, create a simple plan to achieve them, monitor their own progress, and adjust their approach when things aren't working"},"needs":[{"concept":"vocabulary-resilience-and-self","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"setting-learning-goals","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"breaking-tasks-into-steps","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"personal-growth-over-time","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Personal Growth Over Time"},"summary":{"en":"Reflect on your own growth over time — the things that challenge you now are not fixed, and noticing how you have already changed builds genuine self-knowledge"},"needs":[{"concept":"patterns-in-your-own-reactions","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"questioning-first-impressions","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"reflecting-after-learning","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"persuasive-writing","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Persuasive Writing"},"summary":{"en":"Write arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence — including introducing claims, acknowledging counterclaims, organising reasons logically, maintaining a formal style, and providing a concluding statement"},"needs":[{"concept":"writing-for-an-audience","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"evaluating-arguments-in-non-fiction","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"justifying-views-about-texts","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"writing-techniques-for-effect","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"cohesion-and-transitions-across-writing","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"choosing-form-and-tone-for-your-audience","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"pharaohs-and-tutankhamun","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Pharaohs and Tutankhamun"},"summary":{"en":"Know that ancient Egypt was ruled by powerful kings and queens called pharaohs, who lived in grand palaces and made the laws — and that one of the most famous pharaohs is Tutankhamun, a boy who became pharaoh as a child and whose golden tomb was discovered thousands of years later"},"needs":[{"concept":"vocabulary-ancient-egypt","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"phases-of-the-moon","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Phases of the Moon"},"summary":{"en":"Explain the phases of the Moon as the changing angle of sunlight on the lunar surface as seen from Earth, and describe how solar and lunar eclipses occur"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-solar-system","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"earth-and-space-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"earth-s-rotation-and-day-night","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"phonics-vocabulary","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Phonics Vocabulary"},"summary":{"en":"Know and use the vocabulary of phonics and word structure — phoneme, grapheme, GPC (grapheme-phoneme correspondence), blend, segment, digraph, CVC, vowel, consonant, syllable, root word, suffix, prefix, and homophone — and understand that these words describe the building blocks that phonics instruction is built on"},"needs":[],"ages":[4,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"photosynthesis","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Photosynthesis"},"summary":{"en":"Explain photosynthesis as the process by which plants use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen, and describe how mineral nutrients are absorbed through roots"},"needs":[{"concept":"deep-sea-life-without-sunlight","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"plant-cells-vs-animal-cells","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"what-plants-need-to-thrive","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"phrases-and-clauses","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Phrases & Clauses"},"summary":{"en":"Understand and analyse the function of phrases (noun, verb, adjectival, adverbial, prepositional) and clauses (main, subordinate, relative) in general and in specific sentences, including recognising and correcting misplaced and dangling modifiers"},"needs":[{"concept":"expanded-noun-phrases-age-8","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"relative-clauses","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"physical-vs-chemical-changes","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Physical vs Chemical Changes"},"summary":{"en":"Distinguish between physical changes (reversible, no new substances formed) and chemical changes (new substances formed, often irreversible), using conservation of mass to understand both types"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-particle-model","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"conservation-of-mass","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"irreversible-changes","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"reversible-changes","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"atoms-elements-and-compounds","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"pictograms-and-tally-charts","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Pictograms and tally charts"},"summary":{"en":"Interpret and construct simple pictograms, tally charts, block diagrams, and simple tables"},"needs":[{"concept":"pictograms-and-tally-charts-age-6","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"sorting-into-categories","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"sorting-data-into-categories","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[6,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"pictograms-and-tally-charts-age-11","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Pictograms and tally charts (age 11+)"},"summary":{"en":"Construct and interpret frequency tables, bar charts, pie charts, pictograms, and vertical line charts for both categorical and grouped numerical data, choosing appropriate representations for the data type"},"needs":[{"concept":"line-graphs-age-10","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"reading-tables","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"statistical-analysis-vocabulary","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"percentages-age-12","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"pictograms-and-tally-charts-age-6","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Pictograms and tally charts (age 6+)"},"summary":{"en":"Read, write, and use the vocabulary of data collection and display — data, tally, tally chart, frequency, frequency table, survey, pictogram, bar chart, axis/axes, scale, label, category, discrete data, continuous data, line graph, pie chart — and apply these terms when collecting, organising, and presenting data"},"needs":[],"ages":[6,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"picture-and-bar-graphs","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Picture & Bar Graphs"},"summary":{"en":"Draw a picture graph and a bar graph (with single-unit scale) to represent a data set with up to four categories; solve put-together, take-apart, and compare problems using information presented in a bar graph"},"needs":[{"concept":"sorting-data-into-categories","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"pictures-and-text-working-together","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Pictures and Text Working Together"},"summary":{"en":"Describe the relationship between illustrations and the text in which they appear; use pictures to support and extend comprehension"},"needs":[{"concept":"understanding-print","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"pitch-of-sounds","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Pitch of Sounds"},"summary":{"en":"Find patterns between the pitch of a sound and features of the object that produced it"},"needs":[{"concept":"vibrations-and-sound","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"light-and-sound-vocabulary","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"pitching-an-idea","subject":"life-skills","names":{"en":"Pitching an Idea"},"summary":{"en":"Presenting a business idea to others convincingly; explaining what makes it good and why people should support it; building confidence in public speaking about ideas"},"needs":[{"concept":"marketing-basics","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"making-a-simple-plan","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"place-value-10-and-10","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Place Value × 10 and ÷ 10"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise that in a multi-digit number, a digit in one place represents 10 times as much as in the place to its right and 1/10 of what it represents in the place to its left"},"needs":[{"concept":"tenths-age-9","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"place-value-10-pattern","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"place-value-10-pattern","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Place Value × 10 Pattern"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise that in a multi-digit whole number, a digit in one place represents ten times what it represents in the place to its right (e.g. 700 ÷ 70 = 10)"},"needs":[{"concept":"place-value-of-each-digit","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"place-value-of-each-digit","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Place value of each digit"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise the place value of each digit in a four-digit number (thousands, hundreds, tens, and ones)"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-three-digits-of-a-three-digit-number","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"place-value-problem-solving","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Place Value Problem-Solving"},"summary":{"en":"Solve number and practical problems involving place value with increasingly large positive numbers"},"needs":[{"concept":"place-value-of-each-digit","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"rounding-to-10-100-1000","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"place-value-to-1000","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Place Value to 1000"},"summary":{"en":"Solve number problems and practical problems involving place value of numbers up to 1000"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-three-digits-of-a-three-digit-number","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"10-or-100-more-or-less","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"place-value-understanding-and-number-facts","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Place value understanding and number facts"},"summary":{"en":"Use place value understanding and number facts to solve problems"},"needs":[{"concept":"number-bonds","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"the-two-digits-of-a-two-digit-number","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"planet-features","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Planet Features"},"summary":{"en":"Describe a key feature of each planet: Mercury is smallest and closest, Venus is the hottest, Mars is red with rust, Jupiter is the largest with a Great Red Spot, Saturn has rings, Uranus tilts on its side, Neptune is the farthest and very cold"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-eight-planets","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"planning-a-task","subject":"learning-to-learn","names":{"en":"Planning a Task"},"summary":{"en":"Make a simple plan before starting a task: what do I need to do, and what should I do first?"},"needs":[{"concept":"checking-your-own-work","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"planning-ideas-before-writing","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Planning Ideas Before Writing"},"summary":{"en":"Plan before writing by saying aloud or noting down what will be written, writing down ideas and key words, and encapsulating ideas sentence by sentence before composing"},"needs":[{"concept":"describing-aloud","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"organising-writing-into-paragraphs","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"building-writing-stamina","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"simple-stories-with-beginning-and-ending","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"writing-process-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"saying-sentences-before-writing-them","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"planning-narratives","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Planning Narratives"},"summary":{"en":"Plan narrative writing by considering how authors have developed characters and settings, drawing on techniques observed in texts read, heard, or performed"},"needs":[{"concept":"connecting-new-and-old-ideas","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"writing-craft-vocabulary","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"choosing-form-and-tone-for-your-audience","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"planning-revising-and-editing-writing","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Planning, Revising and Editing Writing"},"summary":{"en":"Plan, revise, and edit writing to improve coherence and effectiveness — considering how the writing reflects its intended audience and purpose, amending vocabulary, grammar, and structure, and proofreading for accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar"},"needs":[{"concept":"literary-and-language-terminology","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"revising-and-editing-age-8","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"revising-and-editing-age-7","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"learning-from-mistakes","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"reflecting-after-learning","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"plant-and-animal-reproduction","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Plant & Animal Reproduction"},"summary":{"en":"Describe the life process of reproduction in some plants and animals, including sexual and asexual reproduction in plants"},"needs":[{"concept":"animal-life-cycles","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"pollination-and-seed-dispersal","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"plant-cells-vs-animal-cells","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Plant Cells vs Animal Cells"},"summary":{"en":"Compare plant and animal cells, identifying shared features and structures unique to plant cells (cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts)"},"needs":[{"concept":"parts-of-plant-and-animal-cells","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"plant-eaters-vs-meat-eaters","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Plant-Eaters vs Meat-Eaters"},"summary":{"en":"Sort dinosaurs into plant-eaters (herbivores) and meat-eaters (carnivores) by looking at clues like tooth shape — flat teeth for plants, sharp teeth for meat"},"needs":[{"concept":"herbivores-carnivores-and-omnivores","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"famous-dinosaur-species","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"dinosaurs-were-real","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"plant-reproduction","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Plant Reproduction"},"summary":{"en":"Describe the structure of a flower and explain the processes of wind and insect pollination, fertilisation, seed and fruit formation, and seed dispersal in plants"},"needs":[{"concept":"pollination-and-seed-dispersal","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"plants-and-animals-in-their-habitats","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Plants and animals in their habitats"},"summary":{"en":"Use a model to represent the relationship between the needs of different plants and animals and the places they live, connecting organism needs to habitat features"},"needs":[{"concept":"what-living-things-need","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"plants-grow-from-air-and-water","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Plants Grow from Air & Water"},"summary":{"en":"Support an argument that plants get the materials they need for growth chiefly from air and water, not from the soil"},"needs":[{"concept":"water-transport-in-plants","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"what-plants-need-to-thrive","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"plate-boundaries","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Plate Boundaries"},"summary":{"en":"Explain how plate boundaries cause earthquakes and volcanoes: plates pushing together, pulling apart, or sliding past each other create the forces that trigger these events, and mountains form where plates collide"},"needs":[{"concept":"why-earthquakes-happen","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"tectonic-plates","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"plot-structure-and-character-development","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Plot Structure and Character Development"},"summary":{"en":"Analyse how plot structure unfolds through episodes or key events, and how characters develop, respond to challenges, and change over the course of a narrative — including the relationship between character, setting, and plot"},"needs":[{"concept":"using-and-evaluating-textual-evidence","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"inferring-characters-feelings-and-motives","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"plotting-linear-graphs","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Plotting Linear Graphs"},"summary":{"en":"Plot linear graphs by generating a table of values, reduce a two-variable linear equation to the form y = mx + c, and calculate gradients from two points on a line"},"needs":[{"concept":"simple-formulae","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"linear-function-graphs","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"plotting-points-in-the-first-quadrant","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Plotting points in the first quadrant"},"summary":{"en":"Plot and read ordered pairs in the first quadrant of the coordinate plane; represent real-world and mathematical problems by graphing points and interpreting coordinate values in context"},"needs":[{"concept":"numbers-on-a-number-line-2","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"plural-vs-possessive-in-nouns","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Plural vs Possessive in Nouns"},"summary":{"en":"Distinguish between the plural -s suffix and the possessive -'s suffix in nouns"},"needs":[{"concept":"regular-plural-nouns","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"apostrophes-contraction-and-possession","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"apostrophes-for-possession","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"poems-drama-and-prose","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Poems, Drama & Prose"},"summary":{"en":"Explain major differences between poems, drama, and prose, identifying structural elements unique to each form: verse, rhythm, and meter in poetry; cast of characters, dialogue, and stage directions in drama; chapters and paragraphs in prose"},"needs":[{"concept":"forms-of-poetry-and-performance","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"structural-terminology","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"poetic-forms-and-conventions","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Poetic forms and conventions"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise and understand poetic conventions — including form (sonnet, ballad, free verse), metre, rhyme scheme, stanza structure, imagery, and sound devices (alliteration, assonance, onomatopoeia) — and analyse how poets use them for effect"},"needs":[{"concept":"figurative-language-and-literary-devices","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"forms-of-poetry-and-performance","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"polar-animals","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Polar Animals"},"summary":{"en":"Explore animals of the Arctic and Antarctic — polar bears, Arctic foxes, and walruses in the north; penguins, seals, and albatrosses in the south — and understand how polar animals survive extreme cold through thick fur or blubber, huddling behaviour, and seasonal changes like white winter coats"},"needs":[{"concept":"desert-animals","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"polar-animals-science","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"ocean-animal-adaptations","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"arctic-vs-antarctic","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"animal-camouflage","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"animals-everywhere","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"polar-animals-science","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Polar Animals"},"summary":{"en":"Know about other polar animals besides penguins and polar bears — seals that swim under ice, walruses with long tusks, Arctic foxes that turn white in winter, snowy owls, narwhals with their unicorn-like tusk, and whales that migrate to polar waters to feed — and that all these animals have special features to survive extreme cold"},"needs":[{"concept":"arctic-vs-antarctic","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"penguins","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"polar-bears","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"polar-bears","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Polar Bears"},"summary":{"en":"Know key facts about polar bears — they live only in the Arctic (not the Antarctic), they have thick white fur and a layer of fat (blubber) to keep warm, they are excellent swimmers, and they hunt seals by waiting at holes in the sea ice"},"needs":[{"concept":"arctic-vs-antarctic","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"polar-climate-zone","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Polar Climate Zone"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that polar regions belong to the polar climate zone — one of Earth's five main climate zones (tropical, arid, temperate, continental, polar) — characterised by temperatures rarely above 10°C even in summer, low precipitation (polar deserts receive less rain than the Sahara), and strong winds; know that latitude is the key factor determining climate zones, with polar regions above 60°N/S"},"needs":[{"concept":"why-polar-seasons-are-extreme","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"geography-and-local-weather","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"climate-zones","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"comparing-arctic-and-antarctic","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"polar-conservation-and-future","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Polar Conservation & Future"},"summary":{"en":"Understand the conservation challenges facing polar regions — marine protected areas in the Southern Ocean aim to preserve Antarctic ecosystems, Arctic nations dispute sovereignty over northern sea routes and resources as ice retreats, indigenous peoples fight for land rights and voice in environmental decisions, and international cooperation (Paris Agreement, Antarctic Treaty) is essential but difficult to maintain as economic pressures grow"},"needs":[{"concept":"climate-change-at-the-poles","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"antarctic-treaty-and-research","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"inuit-and-sami-peoples","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"polar-ecosystems-compared","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Polar Ecosystems Compared"},"summary":{"en":"Compare Arctic and Antarctic ecosystems — the Arctic has both terrestrial (tundra) and marine ecosystems supporting large land mammals and indigenous human communities, while the Antarctic is almost entirely marine-based with virtually no land plants or mammals; both regions have short, intense food chains anchored by phytoplankton and krill, and both are disproportionately affected by climate change and human activity"},"needs":[{"concept":"polar-food-chains","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"cold-weather-adaptations","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"the-arctic-tundra","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"polar-exploration-then-and-now","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Polar Exploration Then & Now"},"summary":{"en":"Compare historical polar exploration with modern polar science — the Heroic Age (1897–1922) relied on ships, dogs, and human endurance with many fatalities, while today's polar scientists use GPS, satellites, icebreaker ships, heated research stations, and aircraft; understand that modern challenges include studying climate change data, and that polar science now includes diverse international teams including women scientists like glaciologist Liz Thomas and marine biologist Sylvia Earle"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-race-to-the-south-pole","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"antarctic-treaty-and-research","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"polar-food-chains","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Polar Food Chains"},"summary":{"en":"Understand polar food chains — in the Antarctic, phytoplankton are eaten by krill, krill are eaten by fish and penguins, and penguins are eaten by leopard seals and orcas; in the Arctic, algae under ice feeds zooplankton, which feeds fish, which feeds seals, which feeds polar bears — and that tiny organisms like krill and plankton are the foundation of all polar life"},"needs":[{"concept":"polar-animals-science","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"penguins","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"polar-oceans-and-world-climate","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Polar Oceans and World Climate"},"summary":{"en":"Understand how polar oceans connect to the global climate system — cold, dense polar water sinks and drives thermohaline circulation (a global conveyor belt of ocean currents), sea ice reflects sunlight back to space (the albedo effect) helping regulate Earth's temperature, and the Southern Ocean around Antarctica is one of the most productive marine ecosystems on Earth due to upwelling nutrients"},"needs":[{"concept":"polar-food-chains","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"the-five-oceans","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"oceans-and-climate","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"ice-and-states-of-matter","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"pollination-and-pollinator-decline","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Pollination & Pollinator Decline"},"summary":{"en":"Explain the importance of insect pollination for plant reproduction and human food security, and discuss the consequences of pollinator decline"},"needs":[{"concept":"food-webs-and-interdependence","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"pollination-and-seed-dispersal","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"pollination-and-seed-dispersal","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Pollination & Seed Dispersal"},"summary":{"en":"Understand the life cycle of flowering plants including pollination, seed formation, and seed dispersal"},"needs":[{"concept":"seeds-and-plant-growth","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"how-plant-parts-work","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"pompeii-and-vesuvius","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Pompeii & Vesuvius"},"summary":{"en":"Know the story of Pompeii: a Roman city buried by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD, preserved under volcanic ash, and rediscovered by archaeologists centuries later"},"needs":[{"concept":"power-of-eruptions","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"inside-a-volcano","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"what-is-a-volcano","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"position-direction-and-movement","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Position, direction, and movement"},"summary":{"en":"Use mathematical vocabulary to describe position, direction, and movement, including straight lines and distinguishing rotation as a turn in terms of right angles (quarter, half, three-quarter turns, clockwise and anti-clockwise)"},"needs":[{"concept":"positional-language","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"turns-and-directions","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"positional-language","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Positional Language"},"summary":{"en":"Describe the position of objects using terms such as above, below, beside, in front of, behind, next to"},"needs":[],"ages":[4,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"positive-and-negative-numbers","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Positive and Negative Numbers"},"summary":{"en":"Understand positive and negative numbers as describing quantities with opposite directions or values; use them in context such as temperature, floors in a building, and bank balances"},"needs":[{"concept":"measuring-temperature","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"positive-self-talk","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Positive Self-Talk"},"summary":{"en":"Use positive self-talk to manage difficult situations — replacing unhelpful thoughts like 'I'm stupid' or 'I'll never be able to do this' with encouraging ones like 'This is hard but I can keep trying' or 'I've done hard things before'"},"needs":[{"concept":"vocabulary-resilience-and-self","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"simple-calming-strategies","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"emotion-vocabulary","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"growth-mindset","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"pounds-and-pence-notation","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Pounds & Pence Notation"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise and use symbols for pounds (£) and pence (p) and combine amounts to make a particular value"},"needs":[{"concept":"coin-values","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"power-of-eruptions","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Power of Eruptions"},"summary":{"en":"Appreciate that volcanic eruptions are powerful events that can change the landscape"},"needs":[{"concept":"what-is-a-volcano","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"power-watts-and-energy-per-second","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Power: watts and energy per second"},"summary":{"en":"Define power as the rate of energy transfer (power = energy ÷ time, measured in watts), and compare energy transfer rates in different everyday contexts"},"needs":[{"concept":"energy-can-t-be-created-or-destroyed","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"powers-of-ten-notation","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Powers of Ten Notation"},"summary":{"en":"Interpret and compare numbers in standard form A × 10ⁿ where 1 ≤ A < 10 and n is an integer; convert between ordinary numbers and standard form"},"needs":[{"concept":"square-and-cube-numbers-maths","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"precise-maths-communication","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Precise Maths Communication"},"summary":{"en":"Communicate with mathematical precision: use correct vocabulary, specify units, and use symbols accurately"},"needs":[{"concept":"early-maths-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"what-the-equals-sign-means","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"comparing-and-ordering-numbers","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"precise-maths-vocabulary","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Precise Maths Vocabulary"},"summary":{"en":"Communicate with mathematical precision: use correct vocabulary for primes, factors, multiples, angle types, and polygon regularity; specify units including cm², m³, °; use notation for squares/cubes and percentages accurately"},"needs":[{"concept":"regular-and-irregular-polygons","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"square-and-cube-numbers","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"mathematical-precision","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"predator-hunting-strategies","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Predator Hunting Strategies"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that predators have evolved hunting strategies — wolves hunt in packs, chameleons use their long tongues, spiders build webs, crocodiles ambush at water's edge — and prey animals have evolved defences — porcupine spines, skunk spray, poison dart frog toxins, zebra stripes confusing predators, playing dead"},"needs":[{"concept":"herbivores-carnivores-and-omnivores","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"animal-camouflage","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"nocturnal-animals","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"savanna-and-grassland-animals","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"predator-loss-and-ecosystem-effects","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Predator Loss and Ecosystem Effects"},"summary":{"en":"Quantify energy transfer efficiency through trophic levels (~10% rule); explain trophic cascades: how removing an apex predator triggers a chain of ecosystem changes (sea otters → sea urchin explosion → kelp forest collapse); define 'fishing down the food web'; evaluate evidence for ocean rewilding — shark reintroduction, whale recovery driving nutrient cycling; understand why ecosystem-based fisheries management is needed"},"needs":[{"concept":"ocean-pollution-and-harm","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"predicting-inherited-traits","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Predicting Inherited Traits"},"summary":{"en":"Explain how alleles are inherited in sexual reproduction and use Punnett squares to predict the probability of offspring inheriting a characteristic, including dominant and recessive alleles"},"needs":[{"concept":"dna-and-genes","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"chromosomes-genes-and-dna","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[13,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"predicting-motion-patterns","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Predicting Motion Patterns"},"summary":{"en":"Make observations and measurements of an object's motion to provide evidence that a pattern can be used to predict future motion"},"needs":[{"concept":"balanced-and-unbalanced-forces","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"reading-distance-time-graphs","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"predicting-what-happens-next","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Predicting what happens next"},"summary":{"en":"Predict what might happen next in a story based on what has been read so far; discuss the significance of titles and events"},"needs":[{"concept":"characters-settings-and-events","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[4,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"prefixes-age-7","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Prefixes (age 7+)"},"summary":{"en":"Spell words with a range of prefixes (dis-, mis-, un-, re-, pre-, anti-, auto-, super-) understanding how each prefix modifies the root word's meaning without changing its spelling"},"needs":[{"concept":"phonics-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"suffixes","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"the-prefix-un","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"prefixes-and-suffixes","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Prefixes and suffixes"},"summary":{"en":"Read words containing common prefixes and suffixes from the Y3-4 programme, applying knowledge of root words, prefixes and suffixes (morphology and etymology) to read aloud and understand new words"},"needs":[{"concept":"reading-inflectional-endings","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"prejudice-and-discrimination","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Prejudice and Discrimination"},"summary":{"en":"Understand the impact of prejudice and discrimination on individuals and communities — that treating people unfairly because of their identity causes real harm — and recognise their own responsibility to stand against it"},"needs":[{"concept":"stereotypes-and-individual-differences","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"vocabulary-social-awareness","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"bystanders-and-upstanders","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"preparing-for-and-explaining-in-discussions","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Preparing for and Explaining in Discussions"},"summary":{"en":"Come to discussions prepared, draw on preparation and known information, and explain ideas in light of the discussion"},"needs":[{"concept":"engaging-listeners-and-valuing-viewpoints","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"group-discussions","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"prepositions","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Prepositions"},"summary":{"en":"Understand and use the most frequently occurring prepositions of location and direction (e.g. to, from, in, out, on, off, for, by, with)"},"needs":[{"concept":"listening-and-responding","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"preventing-erosion","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Preventing Erosion"},"summary":{"en":"Compare multiple solutions designed to slow or prevent wind or water from changing the shape of the land"},"needs":[{"concept":"shapes-of-land-and-water","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"prime-numbers","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Prime numbers"},"summary":{"en":"Know and use the vocabulary of prime numbers, prime factors, and composite numbers; establish whether a number up to 100 is prime; recall prime numbers up to 19"},"needs":[{"concept":"factors-multiples-and-primes","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"printing-press-and-renaissance","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Printing Press & Renaissance"},"summary":{"en":"The invention of the printing press by Gutenberg and its arrival in England with William Caxton; how printed books changed everything; the transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance"},"needs":[{"concept":"art-and-architecture","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"towns-and-trade","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"probabilities-sum-to-one","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Probabilities Sum to One"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that when all possible outcomes of a trial are listed, their probabilities must add up to 1; use this to find the probability of an event NOT happening: P(not A) = 1 − P(A); apply this shortcut to avoid counting all unfavourable outcomes directly"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-0-to-1-probability-scale","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"calculating-simple-probability","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"probability-as-a-fraction","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Probability as a Fraction"},"summary":{"en":"Describe the probability of simple equally-likely outcomes using unit fractions: the probability of rolling a 6 on a fair die is 1/6, flipping heads is 1/2, picking one specific colour from three equally represented colours is 1/3; place these fractional probabilities on a 0-to-1 probability scale"},"needs":[{"concept":"simple-chance-experiments","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"unit-fractions","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"equally-likely-outcomes","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"progressive-and-continuous-tenses","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Progressive and Continuous Tenses"},"summary":{"en":"Form and use the progressive (continuous) verb tenses — past progressive (was walking), present progressive (am walking), and future progressive (will be walking) — to convey ongoing actions at different times"},"needs":[{"concept":"past-present-and-progressive-tense","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"simple-past-present-and-future","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"pronouns","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Pronouns"},"summary":{"en":"Use personal, possessive, and indefinite pronouns correctly (e.g., I/me/my, they/them/their, anyone/everything), replacing nouns to avoid repetition"},"needs":[{"concept":"building-sentences","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"basic-nouns-and-verbs","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"pronouns-for-clarity","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Pronouns for clarity"},"summary":{"en":"Choose pronouns for clarity and cohesion, avoiding ambiguity and repetition; use reflexive pronouns correctly (e.g., myself, ourselves, himself)"},"needs":[{"concept":"pronouns","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"properties-of-materials","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Properties of materials"},"summary":{"en":"Compare and group different kinds of rocks based on their appearance and simple physical properties such as hardness, texture, and colour"},"needs":[{"concept":"grouping-materials","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"properties-of-operations","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Properties of Operations"},"summary":{"en":"Apply properties of operations (commutative, associative, distributive) as strategies to multiply and divide"},"needs":[{"concept":"commutative-multiplication","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"what-multiplication-means","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"properties-of-triangles-and-quadrilaterals","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Properties of triangles and quadrilaterals"},"summary":{"en":"Derive and illustrate properties of triangles, quadrilaterals, and circles using appropriate language, including interior angles, diagonals, symmetry, and relationships between side lengths"},"needs":[{"concept":"classifying-shapes-by-properties","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"types-of-angles-age-11","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"proportion","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Proportion"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise and solve problems involving direct proportion (as one quantity increases, the other increases at a constant rate) and inverse proportion (as one increases, the other decreases), including graphical and algebraic representations"},"needs":[{"concept":"proportional-reasoning-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"proportion-graphs","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"dividing-quantities-by-ratio","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"linear-function-graphs","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"ratio-notation-and-relationships","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"proportion-graphs","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Proportion Graphs"},"summary":{"en":"Represent proportional relationships using double number lines (two parallel number lines aligned at 0) and ratio tables; recognise that equivalent ratios generate straight lines through the origin when graphed"},"needs":[],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"proportional-reasoning-vocabulary","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Proportional Reasoning Vocabulary"},"summary":{"en":"Know and use advanced vocabulary of multiplicative reasoning — direct proportion, inverse proportion, ratio, rate, unit rate, compound unit, scale factor — accurately in problem-solving contexts"},"needs":[],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"protecting-endangered-animals","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Protecting Endangered Animals"},"summary":{"en":"Know how people work to protect endangered animals — through national parks and marine reserves, captive breeding programmes (like those that saved the California condor and Arabian oryx), anti-poaching patrols, wildlife corridors connecting habitats, and laws banning trade in endangered species — and understand that children can contribute through habitat-friendly choices"},"needs":[{"concept":"protecting-the-ocean","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"endangered-and-extinct-species","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"invasive-species","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"biodiversity","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"protecting-eyes-from-sunlight","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Protecting Eyes from Sunlight"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise that light from the sun can be dangerous and that there are ways to protect eyes"},"needs":[{"concept":"light-and-seeing-in-the-dark","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"protecting-the-ocean","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Protecting the Ocean"},"summary":{"en":"Understand how people protect the ocean: marine protected areas limit fishing and pollution, sustainable fishing prevents overharvesting, beach clean-ups reduce plastic, and international agreements aim to reduce carbon emissions that cause ocean acidification"},"needs":[{"concept":"coral-reefs","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"ocean-pollution-and-harm","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"oceans-and-climate","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"punctuating-clauses","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Punctuating Clauses"},"summary":{"en":"Use semi-colons, colons, and dashes to mark boundaries between independent clauses, choosing the appropriate punctuation based on the relationship between the clauses"},"needs":[{"concept":"commas-before-joining-words","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"subordinate-clauses","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"punctuating-direct-speech","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Punctuating Direct Speech"},"summary":{"en":"Punctuate direct speech using inverted commas (speech marks), understanding that direct speech records the exact words spoken and must be enclosed in punctuation marks"},"needs":[{"concept":"rehearsing-and-varying-sentences","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"starting-and-ending-sentences","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"four-types-of-sentences","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"punctuating-titles-of-works","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Punctuating Titles of Works"},"summary":{"en":"Use underlining, quotation marks, or italics to indicate titles of works, applying conventions for different types of works such as books, stories, poems, songs, and articles"},"needs":[{"concept":"punctuating-direct-speech","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"pure-substances-and-mixtures","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Pure Substances & Mixtures"},"summary":{"en":"Distinguish between pure substances and mixtures, identify formulations as useful mixtures with precise compositions, and use melting and boiling points to test for purity"},"needs":[{"concept":"dissolving-and-solutions","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"atoms-elements-and-compounds","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"purpose-audience-and-context","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Purpose, audience, and context"},"summary":{"en":"Identify the purpose, audience, and context of a text and use this knowledge to support comprehension — recognising how writing aimed at different audiences (academic, popular, persuasive) uses different conventions, register, and tone"},"needs":[{"concept":"text-features-and-presentation","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"fact-vs-opinion","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"pushes-and-pulls","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Pushes & Pulls"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that pushes and pulls are forces that can change the speed or direction of an object's motion, and compare the effects of different strengths and directions"},"needs":[{"concept":"drawing-force-diagrams","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"pyramids-and-the-great-sphinx","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Pyramids and the Great Sphinx"},"summary":{"en":"Know that the ancient Egyptians built enormous stone pyramids as tombs for the pharaohs, that the Great Pyramid at Giza was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World and is still standing today, and that the Great Sphinx — a statue with a lion's body and a human head — guards the pyramids"},"needs":[{"concept":"pharaohs-and-tutankhamun","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"3-d-shapes","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"vocabulary-ancient-egypt","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"quadratic-graphs","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Quadratic Graphs"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise that quadratic functions produce curved (parabolic) graphs, distinguish them from linear graphs, and use plotted quadratic graphs to estimate values and find approximate solutions"},"needs":[{"concept":"plotting-linear-graphs","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[13,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"question-words","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Question Words"},"summary":{"en":"Understand and use question words (who, what, where, when, why, how) to form and answer questions"},"needs":[{"concept":"listening-and-responding","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"questioning-first-impressions","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Questioning First Impressions"},"summary":{"en":"Notice when your first reading of a social situation might be wrong — your assumptions about why someone acted a certain way are not always facts"},"needs":[{"concept":"vocabulary-self","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"patterns-in-your-own-reactions","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"your-impact-on-others","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"understanding-why","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"questioning-historical-sources","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Questioning Historical Sources"},"summary":{"en":"Before trusting a historical source, ask: who made this, when, and why? — the answers shape how much weight the source should carry"},"needs":[{"concept":"different-accounts-of-the-same-event","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"reading-between-the-lines","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"inferring-characters-feelings-and-motives","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"vocabulary-historical-thinking","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"understanding-why","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"questioning-your-own-biases","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Questioning Your Own Biases"},"summary":{"en":"Reflect on their own assumptions and biases — recognising that everyone carries unconscious assumptions about others, and that actively questioning these assumptions is an ongoing practice that leads to greater fairness and empathy"},"needs":[{"concept":"stereotypes-and-individual-differences","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"prejudice-and-discrimination","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"questioning-first-impressions","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"quoting-accurately-from-texts","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Quoting Accurately from Texts"},"summary":{"en":"Quote accurately from literary and informational texts when explaining what the text says explicitly and when drawing inferences, using quotation marks and citations correctly"},"needs":[{"concept":"inferring-characters-feelings-and-motives","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"r-controlled-vowel-sounds","subject":"english","names":{"en":"R-Controlled Vowel Sounds"},"summary":{"en":"Read and spell words containing r-controlled vowels (ar, er, ir, ur, or, ore) and vowel-r patterns where 'r' modifies the vowel sound"},"needs":[{"concept":"single-letter-sounds","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"radiometric-dating","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Radiometric Dating"},"summary":{"en":"Explain how radiometric dating works — radioactive isotopes decay at a known rate (half-life), so measuring the ratio of parent to daughter isotope in a rock or fossil gives an absolute age; distinguish between carbon-14 (useful up to ~50,000 years) and uranium-lead (useful for millions to billions of years)"},"needs":[{"concept":"rock-layers-and-relative-dating","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"atoms-elements-and-compounds","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"rain-and-puddles","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Rain & Puddles"},"summary":{"en":"Know that rain falls from clouds in the sky, that puddles disappear because water goes back into the air, and that this is part of how water moves around — up into the sky and back down again"},"needs":[{"concept":"types-of-weather","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"rainforest-animal-survival-tricks","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Rainforest Animal Survival Tricks"},"summary":{"en":"Know how rainforest animals are adapted to their environment — camouflage helps leaf insects and tree frogs hide, bright warning colours (aposematism) signal that poison dart frogs are toxic, prehensile tails let monkeys grip branches, toucans' large beaks help reach distant fruit, and many animals are nocturnal to avoid daytime heat"},"needs":[{"concept":"rainforest-layers","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"rainforest-animals-science","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"rainforest-animals","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Rainforest Animals"},"summary":{"en":"Explore animals of the tropical rainforest — the most species-rich habitat on Earth — learning that the forest has layers (canopy, understory, forest floor) with different animals at each level: toucans and monkeys in the canopy, jaguars and frogs on the floor, and that rainforests are found near the equator"},"needs":[{"concept":"rainforest-layers","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"animal-homes","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"animals-everywhere","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"rainforest-animals-science","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"rainforest-animals-science","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Rainforest Animals"},"summary":{"en":"Name and recognise iconic rainforest animals — jaguars, toucans, sloths, poison dart frogs, howler monkeys, macaws, and butterflies — and know which layer of the rainforest each lives in"},"needs":[{"concept":"rainforest-layers","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"rainforest-biodiversity","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Rainforest Biodiversity"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that rainforests are biodiversity hotspots — covering just 6% of Earth's land surface but containing over 50% of all known plant and animal species — and that this extraordinary richness makes them irreplaceable for global biodiversity and a priority for conservation"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-amazon-rainforest","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"classifying-rainforest-organisms","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"rainforest-conservation","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Rainforest Conservation"},"summary":{"en":"Know the main approaches to rainforest conservation — protected areas and national parks, reforestation and rewilding programmes, sustainable certification schemes (Rainforest Alliance, FSC), recognition of indigenous land rights as the most effective form of forest protection, and international agreements like REDD+ that pay countries to keep forests standing"},"needs":[{"concept":"deforestation-causes-and-scale","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"indigenous-ecological-knowledge","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"rainforest-food-webs","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Rainforest Food Webs"},"summary":{"en":"Understand how energy and nutrients flow through a rainforest food web — from plants (producers) to herbivores (primary consumers) to predators (secondary consumers) — and that decomposers like fungi and insects break down dead material on the forest floor, recycling nutrients back into the soil for plants to use again"},"needs":[{"concept":"rainforest-plants","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"rainforest-animals-science","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"rainforest-futures-and-trade-offs","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Rainforest Futures & Trade-Offs"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that the future of rainforests depends on balancing competing needs — economic development for local communities, indigenous peoples' rights to their ancestral lands, global biodiversity conservation, and climate stability — and that there are no simple answers, requiring cooperation between governments, businesses, scientists, indigenous leaders, and consumers worldwide"},"needs":[{"concept":"deforestation-causes-and-scale","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"rainforests-and-global-climate","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"rainforest-conservation","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"rainforest-insects","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Rainforest Insects"},"summary":{"en":"Know that rainforests are home to millions of insects — leaf-cutter ants that farm fungus, giant beetles, jewel-coloured butterflies, enormous spiders, and stick insects — and that insects are the most numerous animals in the rainforest"},"needs":[{"concept":"rainforest-layers","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"what-is-a-minibeast","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"rainforest-animals-science","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"rainforest-layers","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Rainforest Layers"},"summary":{"en":"Know that a rainforest has four layers from ground to sky — the forest floor (dark, damp, full of decomposing leaves), the understory (small trees and shrubs in the shade), the canopy (a thick roof of treetops where most animals live), and the emergent layer (the tallest trees poking above the canopy into bright sunlight)"},"needs":[{"concept":"what-is-a-rainforest","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"rainforest-plant-adaptations","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Rainforest Plant Adaptations"},"summary":{"en":"Know how rainforest plants are adapted to their environment — drip-tip leaves channel water off quickly to prevent rot, buttress roots spread wide to support tall trees in thin soil, epiphytes (like orchids and bromeliads) grow on tree branches to reach sunlight without needing soil, and lianas climb trunks to reach the canopy"},"needs":[{"concept":"rainforest-layers","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"rainforest-plants","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"rainforest-plants","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Rainforest Plants"},"summary":{"en":"Know that rainforests contain an enormous variety of plants — towering kapok and Brazil nut trees, climbing vines called lianas, colourful orchids that grow on tree branches, giant water lilies, and huge leaves that funnel rainwater"},"needs":[{"concept":"rainforest-layers","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"rainforest-products-in-daily-life","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Rainforest Products in Daily Life"},"summary":{"en":"Understand how rainforest products connect to everyday life through global supply chains — palm oil is in snacks, soap, and cosmetics; soy feeds livestock worldwide; cocoa becomes chocolate; rubber is in tyres and gloves; timber becomes furniture; and many medicines originate from rainforest plants — and that consumer choices can drive either destruction or sustainable practices"},"needs":[{"concept":"deforestation-causes-and-scale","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"everyday-foods-from-rainforests","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"rainforest-water-cycle","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Rainforest Water Cycle"},"summary":{"en":"Understand how the water cycle works in a rainforest — trees absorb water through their roots and release it through their leaves (transpiration), this moisture forms clouds above the canopy, and the clouds produce rain that falls back into the forest — creating a self-sustaining cycle that generates much of the rainforest's own rainfall"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-water-cycle-science","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"tropical-rainforest-climate","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"rainforest-plants","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"rainforests-and-global-climate","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Rainforests & Global Climate"},"summary":{"en":"Understand the connection between rainforests and global climate — rainforests absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen through photosynthesis, store enormous amounts of carbon in their biomass, and generate rainfall through transpiration; when forests are burned or cleared, stored carbon is released as CO₂, accelerating climate change and disrupting regional rainfall patterns"},"needs":[{"concept":"deforestation-causes-and-scale","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"climate-change-basics","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"rainforest-water-cycle","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"rapid-earth-changes","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Rapid earth changes"},"summary":{"en":"Use information from several sources to provide evidence that Earth events can occur quickly (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions) or slowly (erosion, mountain building)"},"needs":[{"concept":"preventing-erosion","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"properties-of-materials","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"ratio-age-10","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Ratio (age 10+)"},"summary":{"en":"Perform mental calculations including with mixed operations and large numbers, using strategies such as partitioning, compensation, and derived facts"},"needs":[{"concept":"mental-addition-and-subtraction-age-9","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"long-multiplication-age-10","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"ratio-age-11","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Ratio (age 11+)"},"summary":{"en":"Use conventional notation for the priority of operations including brackets, powers, roots, and reciprocals; apply BIDMAS/BODMAS consistently to evaluate complex numerical expressions"},"needs":[{"concept":"order-of-operations","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"ratio-notation","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Ratio Notation"},"summary":{"en":"Use ratio notation to describe the relationship between two or more quantities, simplify ratios to their simplest form, and convert between ratio and fraction representations"},"needs":[{"concept":"proportional-reasoning-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"factors-multiples-and-primes","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"understanding-fractions-4","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"proportion-graphs","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"ratio-notation-and-relationships","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Ratio Notation and Relationships"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that a multiplicative relationship between two quantities can be expressed as a ratio; use ratio notation; simplify ratios"},"needs":[{"concept":"proportional-reasoning-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"proportion-graphs","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"linear-function-graphs","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"one-quantity-as-a-fraction","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"ratio-notation","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"ratio-problems","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Ratio Problems"},"summary":{"en":"Solve problems involving the relative sizes of two quantities where missing values can be found by using integer multiplication and division facts"},"needs":[{"concept":"multiplying-fractions-age-10","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"bar-models-for-ratios","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"percentages-age-9","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"multiplicative-comparison-maths","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"ray-diagrams-and-images","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Ray Diagrams & Images"},"summary":{"en":"Construct ray diagrams to show the formation of images by plane mirrors and converging lenses, identifying whether images are real or virtual, magnified or diminished, upright or inverted"},"needs":[{"concept":"reflection-and-refraction","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"white-light-and-colour","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"reactions-that-release-or-absorb-heat","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Reactions That Release or Absorb Heat"},"summary":{"en":"Distinguish between exothermic reactions (release energy, temperature rises) and endothermic reactions (absorb energy, temperature falls), with everyday and industrial examples"},"needs":[{"concept":"energy-can-t-be-created-or-destroyed","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"how-materials-change-state","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"types-of-chemical-reaction","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"reading-ancient-climate-records","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Reading Ancient Climate Records"},"summary":{"en":"Explain how ice cores preserve ancient air bubbles, isotope ratios, and volcanic markers allowing reconstruction of temperature and CO2 going back 800,000 years; describe tree rings, ocean sediment cores, coral skeletons, and pollen records as additional climate proxies; explain how climate models are built and validated against the palaeoclimate record; describe the IPCC process of synthesising scientific evidence across thousands of studies to produce consensus assessments"},"needs":[{"concept":"climate-change-basics","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"reading-and-comparing-bar-graphs","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Reading and Comparing Bar Graphs"},"summary":{"en":"Solve comparison, sum, and difference problems using information presented in a bar graph"},"needs":[{"concept":"bar-graphs","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"reading-and-drawing-circuit-diagrams","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Reading and drawing circuit diagrams"},"summary":{"en":"Draw and read simple circuit diagrams using standard symbols for cells, bulbs, switches, buzzers, and wires; identify whether a circuit is complete or broken from a diagram; match circuit diagrams to physical circuits"},"needs":[],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"reading-and-symbols","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Reading +, −, and = symbols"},"summary":{"en":"Read, write, and interpret the symbols +, −, and = in number sentences"},"needs":[{"concept":"reading-and-writing-numbers-to-20","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"addition-as-combining-or-putting-together-two","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"subtraction-as-taking-away-or-separating","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"reading-and-symbols-maths","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Reading ×, ÷, and = Symbols"},"summary":{"en":"Read, write, and interpret the symbols ×, ÷, and = in multiplication and division number sentences"},"needs":[{"concept":"reading-and-symbols","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"division-as-equal-sharing","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"multiplication-as-repeated-addition","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"reading-and-writing-numbers-age-10","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Reading and writing numbers (age 10+)"},"summary":{"en":"Read, write, and compare decimals to thousandths using base-ten numerals, number names, and expanded form; compare using >, =, < based on place-value meaning"},"needs":[{"concept":"comparing-decimals","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"place-value-10-and-10","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"tenths-age-9","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"reading-and-writing-numbers-age-9","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Reading and writing numbers (age 9+)"},"summary":{"en":"Read, write, order, and compare whole numbers up to at least 1,000,000 using base-ten numerals, number names, expanded form, and place-value understanding"},"needs":[{"concept":"comparing-large-numbers","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"place-value-10-pattern","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"reading-and-writing-numbers-to-10-000-000","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Reading and writing numbers to 10,000,000"},"summary":{"en":"Read, write, order, and compare numbers up to 10,000,000 and determine the value of each digit"},"needs":[{"concept":"place-value-10-and-10","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"reading-and-writing-numbers-age-9","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"reading-and-writing-numbers-to-100","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Reading and writing numbers to 100"},"summary":{"en":"Read and write numerals from 0 to 100"},"needs":[{"concept":"reading-and-writing-numbers-to-20","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"rote-counting-to-100","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"reading-and-writing-numbers-to-1000","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Reading and writing numbers to 1000"},"summary":{"en":"Read and write numbers to 1000 in numerals, number names, and expanded form"},"needs":[{"concept":"number-words-to-100","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"the-three-digits-of-a-three-digit-number","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"reading-and-writing-numbers-to-120","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Reading and writing numbers to 120"},"summary":{"en":"Count to 120 starting at any number less than 120; read and write numerals to 120"},"needs":[{"concept":"rote-counting-to-100","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"reading-and-writing-numbers-to-100","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"reading-and-writing-numbers-to-20","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Reading and writing numbers to 20"},"summary":{"en":"Read and write numerals from 0 to 20"},"needs":[{"concept":"how-many-in-total","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"writing-digits-0-9","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"reading-between-the-lines","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Reading between the lines"},"summary":{"en":"Ask and answer questions about key details in literary and informational texts; make simple inferences based on what characters say and do"},"needs":[{"concept":"characters-settings-and-events","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"reading-cladograms","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Reading Cladograms"},"summary":{"en":"Read and create simple cladograms (branching diagrams) that show how groups of dinosaurs are related based on shared features, understanding that species sharing more features are more closely related"},"needs":[{"concept":"using-evidence-to-answer-questions","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"dinosaur-hip-groups","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"reading-contractions","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Reading Contractions"},"summary":{"en":"Read and understand contractions with apostrophes, knowing the apostrophe represents omitted letters"},"needs":[{"concept":"blending-sounds-to-read-words","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"reading-decimal-places","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Reading Decimal Places"},"summary":{"en":"Identify the value of each digit in numbers given to three decimal places (e.g. in 4.378, the 7 represents 7 hundredths)"},"needs":[{"concept":"reading-and-writing-numbers-age-10","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"reading-dinosaur-trackways","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Reading Dinosaur Trackways"},"summary":{"en":"Use dinosaur trackways (fossilised footprints) to make inferences about a dinosaur's size, speed, and behaviour — widely spaced prints suggest running, closely spaced suggest walking"},"needs":[{"concept":"types-of-fossils","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"reading-distance-time-graphs","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Reading Distance-Time Graphs"},"summary":{"en":"Read and plot distance-time graphs for moving objects; interpret the gradient (steepness) of a line as speed; identify stationary periods (horizontal sections), constant speed (straight diagonal lines), and relative speeds by comparing gradients; calculate average speed from the gradient of a straight-line segment using speed = distance ÷ time"},"needs":[{"concept":"compound-units","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"reading-fluently","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Reading fluently"},"summary":{"en":"Read aloud books matched to phonic ability accurately and with growing fluency; reread familiar texts to build confidence, speed, and expression"},"needs":[{"concept":"blending-sounds-to-read-words","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"reading-high-frequency-words-by-sight","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"reading-food-web-diagrams","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Reading Food Web Diagrams"},"summary":{"en":"Read and interpret food web diagrams — identify producers, primary and secondary consumers, and decomposers; trace energy flow along food chains within the web; predict the effect of removing or adding a species"},"needs":[{"concept":"reading-and-drawing-circuit-diagrams","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"reading-for-meaning","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Reading for Meaning"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that reading is about making meaning, not just saying words correctly — a text that can be decoded but not understood has not been read"},"needs":[{"concept":"feeling-of-not-understanding","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"reading-high-frequency-words-by-sight","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Reading High-Frequency Words by Sight"},"summary":{"en":"Read common high-frequency and exception words automatically by sight, including words with irregular spelling patterns"},"needs":[{"concept":"knowing-all-letters","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"blending-sounds-to-read-words","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"reading-inflectional-endings","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Reading Inflectional Endings"},"summary":{"en":"Read words containing taught GPCs with common inflectional endings (-s, -es, -ing, -ed, -er, -est) and the prefix un-; read multi-syllable words with taught patterns"},"needs":[{"concept":"blending-sounds-to-read-words","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"reading-tables","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Reading tables"},"summary":{"en":"Complete, read, and interpret information in tables, including timetables"},"needs":[{"concept":"telling-time-to-the-minute-age-9","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"representing-numbers-with-objects-age-8","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"reading-weather-maps","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Reading Weather Maps"},"summary":{"en":"Read and interpret weather maps, data tables, and graphs — identifying symbols for sun, rain, wind, and temperature; spotting trends and patterns in weather data over weeks, months, or seasons; and using data to make simple predictions"},"needs":[{"concept":"weather-vs-climate-science","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"weather-forecasting","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"seasonal-changes-age-8","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"using-weather-instruments","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"reading-with-expression-and-accuracy","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Reading with Expression and Accuracy"},"summary":{"en":"Read aloud with accuracy, appropriate rate, and expression (prosody), re-reading familiar texts to build fluency and confidence, and using context to self-correct"},"needs":[{"concept":"building-sentences","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"alternative-spellings-for-known-sounds","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"reading-fluently","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"real-dinosaurs-vs-fiction","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Real Dinosaurs vs Fiction"},"summary":{"en":"Distinguish real dinosaurs from fictional or commonly confused creatures — pterosaurs (flying reptiles) and plesiosaurs (marine reptiles) were not dinosaurs, and movie dinosaurs are not always accurate"},"needs":[{"concept":"famous-dinosaur-species","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"real-entrepreneurs","subject":"life-skills","names":{"en":"Real Entrepreneurs"},"summary":{"en":"Stories of real entrepreneurs who started young: Mikaila Ulmer (Me & the Bees), Moziah Bridges (Mo's Bows), Cory Nieves (Mr. Cory's Cookies); what makes someone an entrepreneur"},"needs":[{"concept":"learning-from-failure","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"having-a-business-idea","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"real-world-fraction-multiplication","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Real-world fraction multiplication"},"summary":{"en":"Solve real-world problems involving multiplication of fractions and mixed numbers, using visual fraction models or equations"},"needs":[{"concept":"multiplying-fractions-age-10","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"area-with-fractions","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"multiplication-as-scaling","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"real-world-mathematical-modelling","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Real-World Mathematical Modelling"},"summary":{"en":"Model real-world problems involving ratio, scale, volume, unit conversion, and proportional reasoning with appropriate tools, diagrams, or equations"},"needs":[{"concept":"scale-and-similar-shapes","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"real-world-maths-modelling","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"estimating-answers-age-10","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"real-world-maths-modelling","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Real-World Maths Modelling"},"summary":{"en":"Model real-world problems involving scaling, unit conversion, area/perimeter, and percentage by selecting appropriate mathematical representations and interpreting results in context"},"needs":[{"concept":"estimating-answers-age-9","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"modelling-with-multiplication-and-fractions","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"understanding-fractions-3","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"real-world-robots","subject":"computing","names":{"en":"Real-World Robots"},"summary":{"en":"What a robot really is — not the sci-fi version; robots in factories, robot vacuum cleaners, robot arms in surgery; that robots follow instructions given by people"},"needs":[{"concept":"computers-in-everyday-life","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"real-world-to-maths-connections","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Real-World to Maths Connections"},"summary":{"en":"Move between a real-world situation and a mathematical representation using concrete objects, drawings, diagrams, tables, number sentences, or bar models"},"needs":[{"concept":"representing-addition-and-subtraction","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"addition-and-subtraction-word-problems","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"reasoning-with-equivalences","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Reasoning with Equivalences"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise and use repeated reasoning to generalise: extend patterns in equivalent fractions and percentage conversions, derive unknown facts from known facts, describe general rules for sequences and predict terms"},"needs":[{"concept":"shape-patterns-maths","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"times-tables-age-8","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"equivalent-fractions-age-9","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"describing-rules-and-patterns","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"reciting-poetry","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Reciting Poetry"},"summary":{"en":"Learn poems by heart and recite with appropriate intonation, adding visual displays to descriptions when appropriate, and producing complete sentences in spoken presentations"},"needs":[{"concept":"describing-aloud","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"expressing-and-justifying-opinions","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[6,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"recommendation-systems-and-filter-bubbles","subject":"computing","names":{"en":"Recommendation Systems and Filter Bubbles"},"summary":{"en":"How recommendation systems work: YouTube, Netflix, and shop websites track what you click and find patterns; filter bubbles; the difference between helpful suggestions and manipulation"},"needs":[{"concept":"data-and-information-for-computers","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"patterns-and-classification","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"recommending-books","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Recommending Books"},"summary":{"en":"Recommend books to peers, giving reasons for choices based on knowledge of a wide range of genres, authors, and themes, and making comparisons within and across books"},"needs":[{"concept":"listening-to-texts-read-aloud","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"reflecting-after-learning","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"themes-and-messages","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"reconstructing-ancient-ecosystems","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Reconstructing Ancient Ecosystems"},"summary":{"en":"Reconstruct an ancient ecosystem using multiple independent lines of evidence: isotope analysis of teeth to infer diet and migration, bone histology (growth rings) to estimate age and growth rate, coprolite chemistry for diet, and palaeobotany for habitat — understanding that palaeontology is an evidence-synthesis discipline"},"needs":[{"concept":"drawing-conclusions-from-evidence-age-12","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"radiometric-dating","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"reading-cladograms","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"recording-data","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Recording Data"},"summary":{"en":"Gather and record data using simple methods such as tables, tally charts, and drawings to help answer questions"},"needs":[{"concept":"simple-tests-and-experiments","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"reducing-human-impact","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Reducing Human Impact"},"summary":{"en":"Communicate solutions that will reduce the impact of humans on the land, water, air, and other living things in the local environment"},"needs":[{"concept":"plants-and-animals-in-their-habitats","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"reflecting-after-learning","subject":"learning-to-learn","names":{"en":"Reflecting After Learning"},"summary":{"en":"After completing a piece of learning, reflect on the process: what helped most, what was confusing, and what would you do differently next time?"},"needs":[{"concept":"teaching-it-back","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"learning-from-mistakes","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"reflecting-light","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Reflecting Light"},"summary":{"en":"Notice that light is reflected from surfaces, and that shiny smooth surfaces reflect light best"},"needs":[{"concept":"light-and-seeing-in-the-dark","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"light-and-sound-vocabulary","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"reflecting-on-your-language-use","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Reflecting on Your Language Use"},"summary":{"en":"Reflect on yourself as a language user — how your reading, writing, and speaking shift across audiences, purposes, and contexts, and where you want to develop further"},"needs":[{"concept":"knowing-what-you-don-t-know","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"reviewing-own-writing","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"reflecting-after-learning","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"reflection-and-refraction","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Reflection & Refraction"},"summary":{"en":"State the law of reflection (angle of incidence = angle of reflection) and explain refraction as the change in speed and direction when light crosses a boundary between two media; apply ray diagrams for plane mirrors and refracting surfaces"},"needs":[{"concept":"drawing-ray-diagrams","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"reflecting-light","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"light-travels-in-straight-lines","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"wave-behaviour-vocabulary","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"regular-and-irregular-polygons","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Regular and irregular polygons"},"summary":{"en":"Distinguish between regular and irregular polygons based on reasoning about equal sides and equal angles"},"needs":[{"concept":"understanding-angles-age-8","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"estimating-angles","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"regular-plural-nouns","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Regular Plural Nouns"},"summary":{"en":"Form and use regular plural nouns orally and in writing by adding -s or -es; understand that plural means more than one"},"needs":[{"concept":"basic-nouns-and-verbs","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"rehearsing-and-varying-sentences","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Rehearsing and Varying Sentences"},"summary":{"en":"Compose and rehearse sentences orally before writing, progressively building varied and rich vocabulary and an increasing range of sentence structures including dialogue"},"needs":[{"concept":"writing-process-vocabulary","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"saying-sentences-before-writing-them","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"relative-clauses","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Relative Clauses"},"summary":{"en":"Form and use relative clauses beginning with relative pronouns (who, whose, whom, which, that) and relative adverbs (where, when, why) to add detail, qualify nouns, and create complex sentences"},"needs":[{"concept":"pronouns-for-clarity","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"subordinate-clauses","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"relative-motion","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Relative Motion"},"summary":{"en":"Explain relative motion — how the apparent speed and direction of an object depends on the observer's own motion — using everyday examples such as trains and cars passing"},"needs":[{"concept":"speed-and-distance-time-graphs","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"renewable-vs-non-renewable-energy","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Renewable vs non-renewable energy"},"summary":{"en":"Distinguish between renewable energy resources (solar, wind, hydroelectric, tidal, geothermal, biomass) and non-renewable resources (coal, oil, gas, nuclear), comparing their advantages, disadvantages, and environmental impacts"},"needs":[{"concept":"energy-stores-and-transfers","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"earth-s-atmosphere-and-co2","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"repeated-tests-for-reliability","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Repeated tests for reliability"},"summary":{"en":"Distinguish between precision (consistency of repeated readings) and accuracy (closeness to true value), use significant figures and standard form correctly, and choose and use appropriate measuring instruments to minimise uncertainty"},"needs":[{"concept":"accurate-measurement","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"reporting-and-recounting","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Reporting & Recounting"},"summary":{"en":"Report on a topic or recount an experience with organised facts and descriptive details, speaking clearly at an understandable pace"},"needs":[{"concept":"describing-aloud","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"reciting-poetry","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"representing-addition-and-subtraction","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Representing Addition and Subtraction"},"summary":{"en":"Represent addition and subtraction using objects, drawings, and mental images"},"needs":[{"concept":"addition-as-combining-or-putting-together-two","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"subtraction-as-taking-away-or-separating","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[4,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"representing-numbers","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Representing Numbers"},"summary":{"en":"Identify, represent, and estimate numbers using different representations including the number line"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-three-digits-of-a-three-digit-number","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"representing-numbers-with-objects","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"the-two-digits-of-a-two-digit-number","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[6,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"representing-numbers-with-objects","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Representing numbers with objects"},"summary":{"en":"Represent numbers using objects, pictorial representations, and the number line"},"needs":[{"concept":"how-many-in-total","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[4,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"representing-numbers-with-objects-age-8","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Representing numbers with objects (age 8+)"},"summary":{"en":"Draw a scaled picture graph and a scaled bar graph to represent a data set; solve one- and two-step comparison, sum, and difference problems using bar charts, pictograms, and tables"},"needs":[{"concept":"pictograms-and-tally-charts","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"pictograms-and-tally-charts-age-6","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"picture-and-bar-graphs","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"research-and-note-taking","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Research & Note-Taking"},"summary":{"en":"Gather relevant information from print and digital sources, summarise or paraphrase information in notes and finished work, and provide a basic bibliography or list of sources"},"needs":[{"concept":"writing-a-precis","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"short-research-projects","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"research-and-source-evaluation","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Research & Source Evaluation"},"summary":{"en":"Summarise and organise material from reading and research — gathering relevant information from multiple sources, assessing credibility, integrating evidence without plagiarising, and supporting ideas with factual detail"},"needs":[{"concept":"writing-a-precis","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"research-and-note-taking","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"literary-evidence-in-writing","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"developed-informational-and-explanatory-writing","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"resilience-and-bouncing-back","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Resilience and Bouncing Back"},"summary":{"en":"Understand resilience as the ability to recover from setbacks, adapt to difficult circumstances, and keep going — recognising that resilience is a skill that develops through experience, not a trait you either have or don't"},"needs":[{"concept":"coping-with-life-changes","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"vocabulary-resilience-and-self","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"choosing-the-right-coping-strategy","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"emotions-and-decision-making","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"resolving-disagreements-with-friends","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Resolving Disagreements with Friends"},"summary":{"en":"Resolve simple disagreements with peers by talking it through — explaining how they feel, listening to the other person's side, and finding a compromise or solution that both can accept"},"needs":[{"concept":"communication-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"makes-someone-a-good-friend","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"expressing-feelings-with-words","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"group-discussions","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"listening-to-others","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"responding-to-writing-feedback","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Responding to Writing Feedback"},"summary":{"en":"With teacher guidance, re-read own writing aloud to check it sounds right; listen and respond to questions and suggestions from teacher or peers to add detail, clarify meaning, and strengthen writing — this is the scaffolded beginning of writing self-evaluation, not an independent skill"},"needs":[{"concept":"checking-your-own-work","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"feeling-of-not-understanding","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"simple-stories-with-beginning-and-ending","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"writing-process-vocabulary","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"reviewing-own-writing","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"resultant-forces","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Resultant Forces"},"summary":{"en":"Describe forces as vector quantities with both magnitude and direction, distinguish between balanced forces (zero resultant, no change in motion) and unbalanced forces (non-zero resultant, causes acceleration or deceleration)"},"needs":[{"concept":"pushes-and-pulls","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"force-and-motion-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"drawing-force-diagrams","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"contact-and-non-contact-forces","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"retelling-stories-with-structure","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Retelling Stories with Structure"},"summary":{"en":"Retell stories including key details in sequence, describe characters, settings, and major events using evidence from the text, and describe the overall structure of a story (beginning, middle, ending)"},"needs":[{"concept":"characters-settings-and-events","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"reading-with-expression-and-accuracy","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[6,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"reversible-changes","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Reversible Changes"},"summary":{"en":"Demonstrate that dissolving, mixing, and changes of state are reversible changes where no new materials are formed"},"needs":[{"concept":"changes-and-separation-vocabulary","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"dissolving-and-solutions","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"heating-and-cooling-changes","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"reviewing-own-writing","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Reviewing Own Writing"},"summary":{"en":"Evaluate whether your own writing achieves the effect you intended on a reader — go beyond checking for correctness to asking whether it actually works"},"needs":[{"concept":"author-s-word-choices","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"understanding-why","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"revising-and-editing","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Revising and editing"},"summary":{"en":"Proof-read own writing to check for errors in spelling, grammar, and punctuation; evaluate and revise writing with teacher/peer support, re-reading to ensure meaning is clear and tense is consistent"},"needs":[{"concept":"writing-process-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"responding-to-writing-feedback","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"alternative-spellings-for-sounds","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"starting-and-ending-sentences","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"revising-and-editing-age-7","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Revising and editing (age 7+)"},"summary":{"en":"Evaluate and edit writing by assessing effectiveness, proposing changes to grammar and vocabulary for consistency, and proof-reading for spelling, grammar and punctuation errors at Y3-4 level"},"needs":[{"concept":"writing-craft-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"revising-and-editing-age-8","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"revising-and-editing","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"revising-and-editing-age-8","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Revising and editing (age 8+)"},"summary":{"en":"Read back your own writing critically and independently — notice where meaning is unclear, where a word could be stronger, or where the reader might be confused; make revisions without needing teacher prompts, using your own judgment about what is and isn't working"},"needs":[{"concept":"teaching-it-back","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"writing-craft-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"sharing-and-publishing-your-writing","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"responding-to-writing-feedback","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"rhyming-words","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Rhyming words"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise and produce rhyming words; join in with predictable phrases and rhymes in stories and poems; learn to appreciate and recite poems by heart"},"needs":[],"ages":[4,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"right-and-wrong-choices","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Right and Wrong Choices"},"summary":{"en":"Know the difference between right and wrong in familiar everyday situations — understanding basic rules about honesty, not hurting others, respecting others' property, and being fair — and choose to do the right thing even when it's harder"},"needs":[{"concept":"actions-and-their-consequences","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"vocabulary-making-decisions-and-keeping-safe","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"right-angles-and-turns","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Right Angles & Turns"},"summary":{"en":"Identify right angles; recognise that two right angles make a half-turn, three make three-quarters, and four make a complete turn"},"needs":[{"concept":"understanding-angles","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"types-of-angles-age-8","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"position-direction-and-movement","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"ring-of-fire","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Ring of Fire"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise that volcanoes and earthquakes tend to happen in certain places — especially around the edges of the Pacific Ocean (Ring of Fire) — not randomly across the Earth"},"needs":[{"concept":"fast-and-slow-earth-changes","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"what-is-an-earthquake","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"shapes-of-land-and-water","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"why-earthquakes-happen","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"what-is-a-volcano","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"risk-uncertainty-and-cognitive-bias","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Risk, Uncertainty, and Cognitive Bias"},"summary":{"en":"Distinguish between risk (decisions with known probabilities) and uncertainty (decisions with unknown outcomes); identify cognitive biases that distort risk assessment: availability heuristic (judging likelihood by how easily examples come to mind), present bias (overvaluing the immediate over the future), optimism bias (underestimating personal risk), and groupthink; understand why adolescent brains are biologically calibrated toward higher risk tolerance; apply a structured decision-making framework to real choices; understand the role of personal values in decisions where facts alone cannot determine the answer"},"needs":[{"concept":"difficult-ethical-choices","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"ethics-in-real-world-issues","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"robin-hood-and-king-arthur","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Robin Hood & King Arthur"},"summary":{"en":"The legends of Robin Hood (Sherwood Forest, stealing from the rich, Merry Men) and King Arthur (Round Table, Excalibur, Camelot); that these are stories, not proven history, but reflect medieval values"},"needs":[{"concept":"kings-and-queens","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"knights-and-armour","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"rock-layers-and-earth-s-history","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Rock layers and Earth's history"},"summary":{"en":"Interpret cross-section diagrams of the Earth's interior, geological strata, and rock cycle; read and label layers (crust, mantle, outer core, inner core); understand that deeper layers in sedimentary sequences are older"},"needs":[{"concept":"3-d-shapes-age-9","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"rock-layers-and-relative-dating","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Rock Layers & Relative Dating"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that rock layers (strata) form in sequence with the oldest at the bottom and the youngest at the top, and that fossils found in deeper layers are older — this is the principle of relative dating"},"needs":[{"concept":"how-fossils-form","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"types-of-rock","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"properties-of-materials","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"the-mesozoic-era","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"rock-pool-habitats","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Rock Pool Habitats"},"summary":{"en":"Explore rock pools (tide pools) as small ocean habitats where crabs, anemones, starfish, and small fish can be found, and understand that these creatures are adapted to survive crashing waves and changing water levels"},"needs":[{"concept":"coasts-and-beaches","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"ocean-animal-variety","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"rocks-and-soil","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Rocks and soil"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise that soils are made from rocks and organic matter, and that different soils have different properties"},"needs":[{"concept":"properties-of-materials","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"roles-in-a-group","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Roles in a Group"},"summary":{"en":"Understand different roles people play in groups — leader, supporter, mediator, idea-generator — and recognise that effective groups need a mix of roles, not everyone trying to be the leader"},"needs":[{"concept":"communication-vocabulary","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"working-well-in-a-group","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"roman-army-and-conquest-of-britain","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Roman Army and Conquest of Britain"},"summary":{"en":"Describe how the Roman army was organised into legions of highly trained soldiers, how Julius Caesar first raided Britain in 55 BC and Emperor Claudius later conquered it in AD 43, and explain why the Romans wanted to expand their empire — for land, resources, taxes, and glory"},"needs":[{"concept":"roman-soldiers-and-builders","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"roman-law-latin-and-christianity","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Roman Law, Latin, and Christianity"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that Roman law became the basis for legal systems across Europe and beyond, that Latin is the root of French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, and Romanian and gave English hundreds of words (e.g. exit, video, annual, education), and that Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire, eventually becoming its official religion under Emperor Constantine"},"needs":[{"concept":"greek-gods-with-roman-names","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"roman-republic-and-empire","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"roman-numerals-to-100","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Roman numerals to 100"},"summary":{"en":"Read Roman numerals to 100 (I to C) and understand that the numeral system changed over time to include zero and place value"},"needs":[{"concept":"place-value-of-each-digit","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"roman-numerals-to-1000","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Roman numerals to 1000"},"summary":{"en":"Read Roman numerals to 1000 (M) and recognise years written in Roman numerals"},"needs":[{"concept":"roman-numerals-to-100","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"roman-republic-and-empire","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Roman Republic and Empire"},"summary":{"en":"Explain how Rome was first governed as a republic — with elected consuls, a powerful Senate, and a distinction between patricians and plebeians — before becoming an empire ruled by emperors like Augustus (who brought peace, the Pax Romana) and Nero, and compare republican government with Athenian direct democracy"},"needs":[{"concept":"daily-life-in-a-roman-town","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"athenian-democracy","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"roman-soldiers-and-builders","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Roman soldiers & builders"},"summary":{"en":"Know that Roman soldiers marched across a huge empire building straight roads and strong walls, and that some Roman roads, walls, and buildings can still be seen today — showing that the Romans were powerful builders whose work has lasted thousands of years"},"needs":[{"concept":"ancient-greece-and-rome-on-the-map","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"romulus-and-remus","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"romulus-and-remus","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Romulus & Remus"},"summary":{"en":"Know the Roman founding myth of Romulus and Remus — twin brothers abandoned as babies, raised by a she-wolf, who grew up to found the city of Rome — and understand that this is a legend the Romans told about how their city began"},"needs":[{"concept":"ancient-greece-and-rome-on-the-map","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"root-words-and-inflections","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Root Words & Inflections"},"summary":{"en":"Identify frequently occurring root words and their inflectional forms (e.g., look/looks/looked/looking), using affixes as clues to word meaning and understanding how suffixes create nouns and adjectives"},"needs":[{"concept":"word-parts-as-clues","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"suffixes","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[6,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"rote-counting-to-100","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Rote counting to 100"},"summary":{"en":"Rote count forwards and backwards from 0 to 100, beginning from 0, 1, or any given number, by ones"},"needs":[{"concept":"one-to-one-counting","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"rounding-answers","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Rounding Answers"},"summary":{"en":"Solve problems which require answers to be rounded to specified degrees of accuracy"},"needs":[{"concept":"decimal-place-value-3","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"estimation-to-check-answers-to-calculations","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"division-with-decimals","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"rounding-large-numbers","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Rounding Large Numbers"},"summary":{"en":"Round any whole number up to 1,000,000 to the nearest 10, 100, 1,000, 10,000, or 100,000 using place-value understanding"},"needs":[{"concept":"rounding-to-10-100-1000","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"place-value-10-pattern","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"rounding-to-10-100-1000","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Rounding to 10, 100, 1000"},"summary":{"en":"Round any number to the nearest 10, 100, or 1000"},"needs":[{"concept":"ordering-numbers-to-1000","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"place-value-of-each-digit","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"estimating-by-rounding","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"rows-and-columns-in-rectangles","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Rows & Columns in Rectangles"},"summary":{"en":"Partition a rectangle into rows and columns of same-size squares and count to find the total number of them"},"needs":[{"concept":"arrays-for-multiplication-age-7","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"rules-and-agreements-exist","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Rules and agreements exist"},"summary":{"en":"Understand why rules and agreements exist — that they help keep people safe, make things fair, and help groups work well together — and follow agreed rules willingly rather than only when being watched"},"needs":[{"concept":"vocabulary-making-decisions-and-keeping-safe","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"right-and-wrong-choices","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"salt-water-vs-fresh-water","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Salt Water vs Fresh Water"},"summary":{"en":"Describe and graph the amounts of salt water and fresh water in various reservoirs to provide evidence about the distribution of water on Earth"},"needs":[{"concept":"oceans-and-climate","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"where-water-is-found-on-earth","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"representing-numbers-with-objects-age-8","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"savanna-and-grassland-animals","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Savanna & Grassland Animals"},"summary":{"en":"Explore animals of the grasslands and savanna — lions, zebras, wildebeest, elephants, cheetahs in African savanna; bison and prairie dogs in American grasslands — understanding why large herds form on open grasslands and how predators and prey interact in these wide-open spaces"},"needs":[{"concept":"wild-farm-and-pet-animals","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"animals-everywhere","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"saving-money","subject":"life-skills","names":{"en":"Saving Money"},"summary":{"en":"Why people save money; piggy banks and saving jars; setting a savings goal; the idea that not spending now means having more later"},"needs":[{"concept":"needs-and-wants","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"what-money-is","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"saying-sentences-before-writing-them","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Saying Sentences Before Writing Them"},"summary":{"en":"Say out loud what is going to be written; compose sentences orally before writing them down as preparation for independent writing"},"needs":[{"concept":"describing-aloud","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"building-sentences","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"writing-process-vocabulary","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"scale-and-similar-shapes","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Scale and similar shapes"},"summary":{"en":"Solve problems involving similar shapes where the scale factor is known or can be found"},"needs":[{"concept":"estimating-answers-age-9","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"bar-models-for-ratios","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"percentages-age-9","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"ratio-problems","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"classifying-shapes-by-properties","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"scale-and-similar-shapes-age-11","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Scale and similar shapes (age 11+)"},"summary":{"en":"Use scale factors to interpret and create scale diagrams and maps, calculating real-life distances from map measurements and vice versa"},"needs":[{"concept":"scale-and-similar-shapes","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"proportional-reasoning-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"proportion-graphs","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"unit-conversions","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"scale-of-the-solar-system","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Scale of the Solar System"},"summary":{"en":"Use scale models, diagrams, or calculations to represent the relative sizes and distances of objects in the solar system, understanding that the distances between planets are enormously larger than the planets themselves"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-vast-scale-of-space","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"the-eight-planets","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"scaling-up","subject":"life-skills","names":{"en":"Scaling Up"},"summary":{"en":"What happens when a small business grows; making more products, hiring people, reaching more customers; the challenges and opportunities of scaling"},"needs":[{"concept":"costs-and-revenue","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"teamwork-in-business","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"financial-planning","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"scams-and-online-safety","subject":"life-skills","names":{"en":"Scams & Online Safety"},"summary":{"en":"Recognising financial scams and tricks; phishing emails and fake websites; protecting personal and financial information online; 'if it seems too good to be true, it probably is'"},"needs":[{"concept":"looking-after-money","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"ways-to-pay","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"deepfakes-and-ai-generated-content","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"scatter-graphs","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Scatter Graphs"},"summary":{"en":"Plot bivariate data on a scatter graph with correctly labelled axes and appropriate scales; describe the correlation (positive, negative, none) and draw an estimated line of best fit where appropriate"},"needs":[{"concept":"scatter-graphs-and-correlation","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[13,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"scatter-graphs-and-correlation","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Scatter Graphs & Correlation"},"summary":{"en":"Describe simple mathematical relationships between two variables using scatter graphs, identify positive, negative, or no correlation, and use a line of best fit to make predictions"},"needs":[{"concept":"statistical-analysis-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"coordinates-age-11","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"linear-function-graphs","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"comparing-measurements","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[13,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"science-can-be-revised","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Science Can Be Revised"},"summary":{"en":"Scientific knowledge is provisional — it is the best current explanation based on available evidence, and it can and should be revised when better evidence arrives"},"needs":[{"concept":"could-there-be-another-explanation","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"reflecting-after-learning","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"correlation-vs-causation","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"scribes-and-the-rosetta-stone","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Scribes and the Rosetta Stone"},"summary":{"en":"Know that scribes were specially trained people who could read and write hieroglyphs, that the Rosetta Stone — a slab with the same text in three scripts — was the key to cracking the hieroglyphic code, and that Jean-François Champollion used it to decipher hieroglyphs in 1822 after centuries of mystery"},"needs":[{"concept":"egyptian-social-hierarchy","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"knowing-all-letters","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"hieroglyphs-and-papyrus","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"seasonal-changes","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Seasonal changes"},"summary":{"en":"Observe changes across the four seasons and describe weather associated with each season, including how day length varies"},"needs":[{"concept":"days-weeks-months-and-years","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"seasonal-changes-age-8","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Seasonal changes (age 8+)"},"summary":{"en":"Represent data in tables and graphical displays to describe typical weather conditions expected during a particular season"},"needs":[{"concept":"bar-graphs","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"local-weather-patterns","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"representing-numbers-with-objects-age-8","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"evaporation-and-condensation","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"seasonal-constellations","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Seasonal Constellations"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise named constellations visible in different seasons and understand why we see different constellations at different times of year — because Earth’s orbit around the Sun changes which part of the sky we face at night"},"needs":[{"concept":"spotting-constellations","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"earth-s-spin-and-orbit","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"seasons-and-weather-patterns","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Seasons & Weather Patterns"},"summary":{"en":"Know that weather changes with the seasons — spring brings rain and new growth, summer is warmest with long days, autumn brings cooling and falling leaves, winter is coldest with short days — and that this pattern repeats every year"},"needs":[{"concept":"seasonal-changes","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"types-of-weather","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"seeds-and-plant-growth","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Seeds & Plant Growth"},"summary":{"en":"Observe and describe how seeds and bulbs grow into mature plants through stages of germination and growth"},"needs":[{"concept":"what-living-things-need","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"seeing-someone-else-s-point-of-view","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Seeing Someone Else's Point of View"},"summary":{"en":"Practise perspective-taking by imagining how someone else might feel in a given situation — using prompts like 'How would you feel if that happened to you?' and applying this when reading stories or during real interactions"},"needs":[{"concept":"vocabulary-social-awareness","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"emotion-vocabulary","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"other-people-s-feelings-and-thoughts","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"segmenting-words-into-sounds","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Segmenting words into sounds"},"summary":{"en":"Segment spoken words into phonemes and spell CVC and simple phonetically regular words by writing a letter or letters for each sound"},"needs":[{"concept":"phonics-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"single-letter-sounds","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"onsets-and-rimes","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"sitting-and-holding-a-pencil","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[4,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"seismic-waves-and-earth-s-interior","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Seismic Waves & Earth's Interior"},"summary":{"en":"Distinguish between P-waves (compression, travel through solids and liquids) and S-waves (shear, cannot pass through liquids); explain why a seismic shadow zone exists on the far side of an earthquake; describe how seismologists use wave refraction and reflection to infer that Earth has a solid inner core, liquid outer core, mantle, and crust"},"needs":[{"concept":"measuring-earthquake-strength","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"self-correcting-while-reading","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Self-Correcting While Reading"},"summary":{"en":"Check that text makes sense while reading and self-correct inaccurate reading by re-reading or using context"},"needs":[{"concept":"monitoring-comprehension","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"blending-sounds-to-read-words","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"feeling-of-not-understanding","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"building-sentences","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"reading-with-expression-and-accuracy","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"self-reflection-in-relationships","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Self-Reflection in Relationships"},"summary":{"en":"Reflect on their own role and behaviour in relationships — recognising patterns in how they interact with others, understanding what they contribute to friendships, and identifying areas where they could improve as a friend or team member"},"needs":[{"concept":"giving-and-receiving-feedback","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"patterns-in-your-own-reactions","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"your-impact-on-others","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"assertive-communication","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"senses-brain-and-responses","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Senses, Brain & Responses"},"summary":{"en":"Use a model to describe that animals receive information through their senses, process it in their brain, and respond in different ways"},"needs":[{"concept":"body-parts-and-senses","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"separating-mixtures","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Separating Mixtures"},"summary":{"en":"Use knowledge of solids, liquids, and gases to decide how mixtures might be separated through filtering, sieving, and evaporating"},"needs":[{"concept":"changes-and-separation-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"dissolving-and-solutions","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"solids-liquids-and-gases","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"separating-mixtures-science","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Separating Mixtures"},"summary":{"en":"Select and carry out appropriate separation techniques for different types of mixtures: filtration (insoluble solids), distillation (liquids by boiling point), crystallisation (dissolved solids), and chromatography (coloured substances)"},"needs":[{"concept":"separating-mixtures","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"pure-substances-and-mixtures","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"sequence-intervals-of-time","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Sequence intervals of time"},"summary":{"en":"Compare and sequence intervals of time"},"needs":[{"concept":"telling-time-to-the-minute","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"comparing-durations","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"series-vs-parallel-circuits","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Series vs parallel circuits"},"summary":{"en":"Describe and apply the rules for current, voltage, and resistance in series and parallel circuits, and explain the practical uses of each circuit type"},"needs":[{"concept":"ohm-s-law-voltage-current-resistance","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"circuit-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"why-circuit-components-behave-differently","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"sets-and-venn-diagrams","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Sets & Venn Diagrams"},"summary":{"en":"Enumerate sets and their unions and intersections systematically using tables, grids, and Venn diagrams to organise and count outcomes"},"needs":[{"concept":"complementary-events","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"setting-learning-goals","subject":"learning-to-learn","names":{"en":"Setting Learning Goals"},"summary":{"en":"Set a specific learning goal, work towards it with a deliberate plan, then honestly assess whether you achieved it and what you would change"},"needs":[{"concept":"finding-knowledge-gaps","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"planning-a-task","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"sexual-selection","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Sexual Selection"},"summary":{"en":"Explain sexual selection as a form of natural selection: runaway selection for peacock tails, bird of paradise displays, and frog calls; explain kin selection and altruistic behaviour — why worker bees die to protect the hive, why meerkats stand guard at personal risk (Hamilton's rule, inclusive fitness); introduce game theory in animal behaviour using the hawk-dove model; define cognitive ethology and survey evidence for animal emotions, play, and culture"},"needs":[{"concept":"animal-intelligence","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"the-red-queen-hypothesis","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"shades-of-meaning","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Shades of Meaning"},"summary":{"en":"Distinguish shades of meaning among verbs describing similar actions and among adjectives differing in intensity; make real-life connections between words and their use"},"needs":[{"concept":"sorting-and-categorising-words","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"shadows","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Shadows"},"summary":{"en":"Represent data in graphical displays to reveal patterns of daily changes in shadow length and direction, day and night cycles, and seasonal star patterns"},"needs":[{"concept":"how-shadows-form","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"earth-s-rotation-and-day-night","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"shape-patterns","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Shape patterns"},"summary":{"en":"Look for and use mathematical structure: apply properties of operations, place-value patterns, and relationships between shapes to solve problems efficiently"},"needs":[{"concept":"addition-in-any-order","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"the-two-digits-of-a-two-digit-number","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"spotting-mathematical-patterns","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"shape-patterns-age-7","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Shape patterns (age 7+)"},"summary":{"en":"Look for and use mathematical structure: apply place-value patterns to three-digit operations, use multiplication/division relationships, and exploit shape properties to classify"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-three-digits-of-a-three-digit-number","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"shape-patterns","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"parallel-and-perpendicular-lines","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"spotting-patterns","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"shape-patterns-maths","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Shape patterns"},"summary":{"en":"Generate a number or shape pattern that follows a given rule; identify apparent features of the pattern not explicit in the rule and explain informally why they occur"},"needs":[{"concept":"patterns-in-times-tables","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"shapes-of-land-and-water","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Shapes of land and water"},"summary":{"en":"Develop a model to represent the shapes and kinds of land (mountains, valleys, plains) and bodies of water (rivers, lakes, oceans) in an area"},"needs":[{"concept":"seasonal-changes","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"shared-research-projects","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Shared Research Projects"},"summary":{"en":"Participate in shared research and writing projects; recall information from experiences or gather information from sources to answer a question"},"needs":[{"concept":"listening-to-texts-read-aloud","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"writing-process-vocabulary","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"sharing-and-publishing-your-writing","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Sharing and Publishing Your Writing"},"summary":{"en":"Read own writing aloud clearly enough to be heard by peers and the teacher; use digital tools to produce and publish writing"},"needs":[{"concept":"reading-fluently","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"short-research-projects","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Short Research Projects"},"summary":{"en":"Conduct short research projects that build knowledge about a topic, gather information from print and digital sources, and take brief organised notes"},"needs":[{"concept":"shared-research-projects","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"writing-craft-vocabulary","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"representing-numbers-with-objects-age-8","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"main-ideas-and-note-taking","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"showing-your-working","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Showing Your Working"},"summary":{"en":"Show and tell how a mathematical answer was found using objects, drawings, and spoken words"},"needs":[{"concept":"numbers-up-to-10-into-pairs","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"number-bonds-to-9","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"listening-and-responding","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"siege-warfare","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Siege Warfare"},"summary":{"en":"How castles were attacked and defended: siege weapons (trebuchets, battering rams, siege towers), boiling liquids, arrow slits, murder holes; the drama of a medieval siege"},"needs":[{"concept":"castle-design-through-the-ages","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"knights-and-armour","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"sign-rules-for-multiplication","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Sign Rules for Multiplication"},"summary":{"en":"Multiply and divide with positive and negative integers and rational numbers, understanding the rules for the sign of the product or quotient"},"needs":[{"concept":"positive-and-negative-numbers","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"silent-letters-in-words","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Silent Letters in Words"},"summary":{"en":"Spell words containing silent letters that are remnants of earlier pronunciation or etymology, recognising common silent-letter patterns and using word origins to remember them"},"needs":[{"concept":"spellings-from-greek-french-and-latin","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"similarities-and-differences","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Similarities & Differences"},"summary":{"en":"Notice and appreciate ways that people are similar to and different from each other — including appearance, family structures, languages spoken, foods eaten, and celebrations observed — and understand that differences make communities interesting"},"needs":[{"concept":"vocabulary-understanding-others","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"similes-and-metaphors","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Similes & Metaphors"},"summary":{"en":"Understand and identify similes (comparisons using like or as) and metaphors (direct comparisons stating something is something else) in texts, explaining how each creates imagery and conveys meaning"},"needs":[{"concept":"expressive-and-sensory-language","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"literal-vs-figurative-language","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"simple-calming-strategies","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Simple Calming Strategies"},"summary":{"en":"Use simple calming strategies when feeling upset or overwhelmed — such as taking deep breaths, counting to ten, or going to a quiet space — and understand that these help the body and mind settle down"},"needs":[{"concept":"naming-basic-emotions","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"words-for-big-feelings","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"simple-chance-experiments","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Simple Chance Experiments"},"summary":{"en":"Conduct simple probability experiments — flipping a coin, rolling a die, pulling coloured counters from a bag — record results, and compare experimental outcomes with expected theoretical outcomes"},"needs":[{"concept":"pictograms-and-tally-charts","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"likelihood-language","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"simple-design-problems","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Simple Design Problems"},"summary":{"en":"Define a simple design problem reflecting a need or want that includes specified criteria for success and constraints on materials, time, or cost"},"needs":[{"concept":"comparing-design-solutions","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"simple-food-chains","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Simple Food Chains"},"summary":{"en":"Describe how animals obtain their food from plants and other animals, using the idea of a simple food chain, and identify different sources of food"},"needs":[{"concept":"herbivores-carnivores-and-omnivores","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"habitats-and-basic-needs","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"ocean-food-chains","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"minibeasts-in-the-food-chain","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"rainforest-animals-science","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"simple-formulae","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Simple formulae"},"summary":{"en":"Understand and use standard mathematical formulae; rearrange formulae to change the subject, performing inverse operations to isolate a different variable"},"needs":[{"concept":"solving-linear-equations","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"substituting-into-formulae","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"using-inverse-operations","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"simple-fraction-sums","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Simple Fraction Sums"},"summary":{"en":"Add and subtract fractions with the same denominator within one whole (e.g. 5/7 + 1/7 = 6/7)"},"needs":[{"concept":"fractions-on-a-number-line","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"addition-as-combining-or-putting-together-two","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"simple-past-present-and-future","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Simple Past, Present and Future"},"summary":{"en":"Form and use the simple past, present, and future verb tenses consistently in writing"},"needs":[{"concept":"past-present-and-progressive-tense","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"simple-stories-with-beginning-and-ending","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Simple Stories with Beginning and Ending"},"summary":{"en":"Write simple narratives by sequencing sentences to describe events in order; narrate a single event or linked events with a beginning, middle, and ending or reaction"},"needs":[{"concept":"rote-counting-to-100","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"writing-process-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"saying-sentences-before-writing-them","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"characters-settings-and-events","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"sitting-and-holding-a-pencil","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"simple-tests-and-experiments","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Simple tests and experiments"},"summary":{"en":"Perform simple tests and use observations and ideas to suggest answers to questions"},"needs":[{"concept":"observing-with-simple-equipment","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"simplifying-fractions","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Simplifying Fractions"},"summary":{"en":"Use common factors to simplify fractions to their simplest form; use common multiples to express fractions with a common denominator"},"needs":[{"concept":"equivalent-fractions-age-9","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"factors-multiples-and-primes","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"fraction-notation","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"simultaneous-equations","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Simultaneous Equations"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that two linear equations can be solved simultaneously by finding the point where their graphs intersect, and interpret this graphically and algebraically as the pair of values satisfying both equations"},"needs":[{"concept":"plotting-linear-graphs","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"solving-linear-equations","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"equations-with-two-unknowns","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[13,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"single-celled-organisms","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Single-Celled Organisms"},"summary":{"en":"Explain how unicellular organisms such as bacteria and Amoeba carry out all the functions of life within a single cell"},"needs":[{"concept":"parts-of-plant-and-animal-cells","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"cells-under-the-microscope","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"single-letter-sounds","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Single Letter Sounds"},"summary":{"en":"Know the primary sound for each consonant and the short and long sounds for the five major vowels; respond speedily to single-letter graphemes"},"needs":[{"concept":"knowing-all-letters","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[4,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"sitting-and-holding-a-pencil","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Sitting and holding a pencil"},"summary":{"en":"Sit correctly at a table holding a pencil comfortably and correctly; form lower-case letters in the correct direction starting and finishing in the right place"},"needs":[],"ages":[4,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"skeletons-and-muscles","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Skeletons & Muscles"},"summary":{"en":"Identify that humans and some other animals have skeletons and muscles for support, protection, and movement"},"needs":[{"concept":"body-parts-and-senses","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"animal-body-groups","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"bones-and-muscles","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"skip-counting-4s-8s-50s-100s","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Skip Counting (4s, 8s, 50s, 100s)"},"summary":{"en":"Count from 0 in multiples of 4, 8, 50, and 100"},"needs":[{"concept":"counting-in-2s","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"smart-versus-not-smart-devices","subject":"computing","names":{"en":"Smart Versus Not-Smart Devices"},"summary":{"en":"Sorting objects into 'smart' (can sense and respond) and 'not smart' (just sits there); a toaster vs a smart speaker; introduction to the idea that some machines can sense and respond to the world"},"needs":[{"concept":"computers-in-everyday-life","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"social-cues-and-group-dynamics","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Social Cues and Group Dynamics"},"summary":{"en":"Understand subtext, indirect communication, and social cues in adolescent peer groups; analyse the psychology of in-group and out-group dynamics and why belonging can come at the cost of exclusion; understand gossip as a social bonding and status mechanism, and its costs; develop strategies for navigating social hierarchies without compromising values; distinguish between assertiveness and aggression in peer settings; understand how to respond to exclusion — whether experiencing it or witnessing it"},"needs":[{"concept":"assertive-communication","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"self-reflection-in-relationships","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"social-enterprise","subject":"life-skills","names":{"en":"Social Enterprise"},"summary":{"en":"Using business skills to help others or solve social and environmental problems; making money AND making a difference; examples of social enterprises"},"needs":[{"concept":"being-a-good-seller","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"having-a-business-idea","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"social-insects-ants-and-bees","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Social insects: ants and bees"},"summary":{"en":"Social insects: how ants and bees live and work together in colonies. Queens, workers, and drones. Division of labour — some gather food, some build, some guard. Ant tunnels and bee hives as organised homes. Parallels to human teamwork."},"needs":[{"concept":"the-insect-body-plan","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"solids-liquids-and-gases","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Solids, Liquids & Gases"},"summary":{"en":"Compare and group materials as solids, liquids, or gases based on their observable properties and behaviour"},"needs":[{"concept":"states-of-matter-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"drawing-particle-diagrams","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"heating-and-cooling-changes","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"grouping-materials","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"changing-shapes-of-solids","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"solving-linear-equations","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Solving Linear Equations"},"summary":{"en":"Use algebraic methods to solve linear equations in one variable, including equations that require rearrangement, expanding brackets, and collecting terms on both sides; solve equations with rational number coefficients"},"needs":[{"concept":"expanding-single-brackets","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"writing-algebraic-equations","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"substituting-into-formulae","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"using-inverse-operations","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"sorting-2-d-and-3-d-shapes","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Sorting 2-D and 3-D shapes"},"summary":{"en":"Compare and sort common 2-D and 3-D shapes and everyday objects by their properties"},"needs":[{"concept":"edges-vertices-and-faces","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"2-d-shapes-age-6","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"sorting-and-categorising-words","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Sorting & Categorising Words"},"summary":{"en":"Sort common objects and words into categories to understand how concepts relate; demonstrate understanding of opposites (antonyms) for common verbs and adjectives"},"needs":[{"concept":"how-many-in-total","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"sorting-and-identifying-minibeasts","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Sorting and Identifying Minibeasts"},"summary":{"en":"Using classification keys to identify minibeasts. Branching yes/no questions: 'Does it have legs?' → 'How many legs?' → 'Does it have wings?' Dichotomous keys as a systematic tool for sorting and identifying creatures."},"needs":[{"concept":"not-all-minibeasts-are-insects","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"sorting-data-into-categories","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Sorting Data into Categories"},"summary":{"en":"Organise and represent data with up to three categories by counting objects in each category and sorting categories by quantity"},"needs":[{"concept":"how-many-in-total","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"pictograms-and-tally-charts-age-6","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"sorting-into-categories","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"sorting-into-categories","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Sorting into categories"},"summary":{"en":"Classify objects into given categories, count the number in each category, and sort the categories by count"},"needs":[{"concept":"comparing-groups-more-or-fewer","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"counting-objects-to-20","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"sorting-into-categories-age-6","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Sorting into categories (age 6+)"},"summary":{"en":"Interpret categorical data by asking and answering questions about totals, how many in each category, and how many more or less one category has than another"},"needs":[{"concept":"asking-questions","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"sorting-data-into-categories","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"sound-fading-with-distance","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Sound Fading with Distance"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise that sounds get fainter as the distance from the sound source increases"},"needs":[{"concept":"sound-travels-through-materials","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"sound-travels-through-materials","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Sound Travels Through Materials"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise that vibrations from sounds travel through a medium (solid, liquid, or gas) to the ear"},"needs":[{"concept":"vibrations-and-sound","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"light-and-sound-vocabulary","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"space-exploration-milestones","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Space Exploration Milestones"},"summary":{"en":"Describe key milestones in human space exploration: the Space Race (Sputnik, Yuri Gagarin, Apollo 11 Moon landing), the Space Shuttle era, the International Space Station, and current missions (Artemis programme, Mars exploration plans, commercial spaceflight)"},"needs":[{"concept":"space-robots-and-rovers","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"what-astronauts-do","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"space-robots-and-rovers","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Space Robots & Rovers"},"summary":{"en":"Describe how robots and rovers have explored places humans cannot easily go — Mars rovers like Curiosity and Perseverance drive across Mars taking photos, collecting rock samples, and searching for signs of past water"},"needs":[{"concept":"what-astronauts-do","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"planet-features","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"spaces-between-words","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Spaces Between Words"},"summary":{"en":"Separate words with spaces in writing; understand that spaces mark word boundaries in print"},"needs":[{"concept":"understanding-print","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"building-sentences","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[4,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"speaking-formally-and-giving-presentations","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Speaking Formally and Giving Presentations"},"summary":{"en":"Use Standard English confidently in formal and informal spoken contexts — give short speeches and presentations expressing own ideas clearly, keeping to the point, and adapting register and vocabulary to the audience"},"needs":[{"concept":"standard-english","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"species-distribution-and-change","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Species Distribution & Change"},"summary":{"en":"Explain how environmental change (climate change, habitat loss, pollution) affects the distribution of species, including range shifts, local extinction, and invasive species"},"needs":[{"concept":"food-webs-and-interdependence","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"changing-environments","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"speed-and-distance-time-graphs","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Speed & Distance-Time Graphs"},"summary":{"en":"Calculate average speed using the equation speed = distance ÷ time, represent journeys on distance-time graphs, and interpret gradient as speed and flat sections as stationary periods"},"needs":[{"concept":"compound-units","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"reading-distance-time-graphs","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"speed-and-energy","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Speed and energy"},"summary":{"en":"Use evidence to construct an explanation relating the speed of an object to the energy of that object"},"needs":[{"concept":"naming-types-of-energy","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"pushes-and-pulls","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"spelling-able-and-ible","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Spelling -able & -ible"},"summary":{"en":"Spell words ending in -able/-ible and the corresponding adverb forms -ably/-ibly, applying patterns to determine which suffix to use based on the root word"},"needs":[{"concept":"suffixes-age-7","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"spelling-contracted-forms","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Spelling Contracted Forms"},"summary":{"en":"Spell contracted forms correctly by placing the apostrophe where letters are omitted (can't, didn't, I'll, it's, etc.)"},"needs":[{"concept":"segmenting-words-into-sounds","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"reading-contractions","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"spelling-from-dictation","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Spelling from Dictation"},"summary":{"en":"Write simple sentences from memory when dictated by the teacher, applying taught GPCs, spelling rules, and common exception words"},"needs":[{"concept":"segmenting-words-into-sounds","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"phonics-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"tricky-words","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"starting-and-ending-sentences","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"spelling-verb-endings","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Spelling Verb Endings"},"summary":{"en":"Spell words with common suffixes (-s/-es for plurals and third person verbs, -ing, -ed, -er, -est) where no change to the root word is needed"},"needs":[{"concept":"segmenting-words-into-sounds","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"phonics-vocabulary","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"spelling-word-lists-age-7","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Spelling Word Lists (age 7+)"},"summary":{"en":"Spell words from the statutory word list for Years 3 and 4, including commonly misspelt words that do not follow regular patterns"},"needs":[{"concept":"tricky-words","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"alternative-spellings-for-sounds","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"spelling-word-lists-age-9","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Spelling Word Lists (age 9+)"},"summary":{"en":"Spell words from the statutory word list for Years 5 and 6, including words with irregular or uncommon spelling patterns that must be learned individually"},"needs":[{"concept":"spelling-word-lists-age-7","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"spellings-from-greek-french-and-latin","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Spellings from Greek, French and Latin"},"summary":{"en":"Spell words with etymological letter patterns from Greek (ch = /k/), French (ch = /ʃ/, -gue, -que), and Latin (sc = /s/) origins"},"needs":[{"concept":"suffixes-age-7","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"split-digraphs-and-magic-e","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Split Digraphs and Magic E"},"summary":{"en":"Read and spell words containing split digraphs (a-e, e-e, i-e, o-e, u-e) where a final 'e' makes the preceding vowel long"},"needs":[{"concept":"vowel-digraphs","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"splitting-shapes-into-equal-parts-age-7","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Splitting shapes into equal parts (age 7+)"},"summary":{"en":"Partition circles and rectangles into two, three, or four equal shares; describe shares as halves, thirds, and fourths; recognise that equal shares of identical wholes need not have the same shape"},"needs":[{"concept":"decomposing-a-shape-into-more-equal-shares","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"halves-and-quarters-of-shapes","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"spotting-constellations","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Spotting Constellations"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise a few star patterns (constellations) in the night sky, starting with the Big Dipper (the Plough), and understand that the North Star (Polaris) can be found using the Big Dipper"},"needs":[{"concept":"sun-moon-and-stars","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"spotting-mathematical-patterns","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Spotting mathematical patterns"},"summary":{"en":"Notice simple patterns and structures: spot that changing order doesn't change the total, and recognise how numbers relate to each other"},"needs":[{"concept":"addition-as-combining-or-putting-together-two","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"the-teen-numbers","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"spotting-patterns","subject":"learning-to-learn","names":{"en":"Spotting Patterns"},"summary":{"en":"Spot patterns and recurring structures — in numbers, words, nature, sounds, or events — and use them to make sense of new information"},"needs":[{"concept":"connecting-new-and-old-ideas","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"square-and-cube-numbers","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Square and cube numbers"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise and use square numbers and cube numbers, and the notation for squared (²) and cubed (³)"},"needs":[{"concept":"all-times-tables-to-12-12","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"square-and-cube-numbers-maths","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Square and cube numbers"},"summary":{"en":"Use integer powers and associated real roots (square, cube, and higher); recognise powers of 2, 3, 4, and 5; distinguish between exact representations of roots and their decimal approximations"},"needs":[{"concept":"ratio-age-11","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"standard-english","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Standard English"},"summary":{"en":"Know and understand the differences between spoken and written language — including differences in formality, register, grammar, and vocabulary — and between Standard English and other varieties of English, using Standard English confidently in writing and speech"},"needs":[{"concept":"choosing-formal-vocabulary","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"standard-english-verbs","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Standard English Verbs"},"summary":{"en":"Use Standard English verb inflections in place of non-standard local forms"},"needs":[{"concept":"past-present-and-progressive-tense","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"star-brightness-and-distance","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Star Brightness & Distance"},"summary":{"en":"Support an argument that the apparent brightness of the sun and stars is due to their relative distances from Earth, understanding the sun is a relatively close star"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-solar-system","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"why-the-sun-looks-brightest","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"starting-and-ending-sentences","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Starting and Ending Sentences"},"summary":{"en":"Begin sentences with a capital letter and end them with the appropriate mark (full stop, question mark, or exclamation mark); recognise and name end punctuation"},"needs":[{"concept":"building-sentences","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"states-of-matter-vocabulary","subject":"science","names":{"en":"States of Matter Vocabulary"},"summary":{"en":"Name and distinguish the three states of matter — solid, liquid, and gas — using properties vocabulary: hard, rigid, runny, flows, keeps its shape, fills its container; use 'change of state' to describe what happens when materials are heated or cooled"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"static-electricity-and-sparks","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Static electricity and sparks"},"summary":{"en":"Explain static electricity as the build-up of electric charge through friction, describe how charged objects attract or repel each other, and relate static discharge to everyday phenomena such as lightning"},"needs":[{"concept":"current-voltage-and-what-they-measure","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"conductors-and-insulators","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"statistical-analysis-vocabulary","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Statistical Analysis Vocabulary"},"summary":{"en":"Read, write, and use the vocabulary of statistical analysis — mean, median, mode, range, frequency, data, sample, average, chart, table, graph, pie chart, scatter graph, correlation — with understanding of what each term describes"},"needs":[],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"step-by-step-instructions","subject":"computing","names":{"en":"Step-by-Step Instructions"},"summary":{"en":"Step-by-step instructions for everyday tasks (making a sandwich, brushing teeth); that if instructions are wrong or missing, things go wrong; computers follow instructions exactly"},"needs":[{"concept":"computers-in-everyday-life","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"stereotypes-and-individual-differences","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Stereotypes and Individual Differences"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise stereotypes — oversimplified beliefs about groups of people based on gender, race, age, or other characteristics — and understand that stereotypes are unfair because they ignore individual differences"},"needs":[{"concept":"vocabulary-social-awareness","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"different-lives-and-experiences","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"stop-think-then-choose","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Stop, Think, Then Choose"},"summary":{"en":"Use a simple decision-making process when faced with a choice — stopping to think, identifying the options, considering the consequences of each option, and then choosing — rather than acting impulsively"},"needs":[{"concept":"vocabulary-ethics-and-citizenship","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"choosing-a-strategy","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"planning-a-task","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"actions-and-their-consequences","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"storm-safety","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Storm Safety"},"summary":{"en":"Know basic storm safety: during thunder and lightning, go indoors or into a car, stay away from trees and water; understand that storms can be frightening but there are ways to stay safe"},"needs":[{"concept":"types-of-weather","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"story-lessons-and-morals","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Story Lessons and Morals"},"summary":{"en":"Determine the central message, lesson, or moral of a story, fable, or folktale, explaining what the story teaches the reader and supporting the interpretation with key details from the text"},"needs":[{"concept":"reading-between-the-lines","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"retelling-stories-with-structure","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"story-sequence-and-central-message","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Story Sequence and Central Message"},"summary":{"en":"Discuss the sequence of events in narrative texts and how items of information are related in non-fiction, retelling stories including key details and demonstrating understanding of central message or lesson"},"needs":[{"concept":"main-topic-of-informational-texts","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"reading-between-the-lines","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"listening-to-texts-read-aloud","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"characters-settings-and-events","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"reading-with-expression-and-accuracy","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[6,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"structural-adaptations","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Structural Adaptations"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that animals have structural adaptations (body features like the giraffe's long neck, eagle's talons, dolphin's streamlined shape), behavioural adaptations (migration, hibernation, tool use), and physiological adaptations (antifreeze in Arctic fish blood, echolocation in bats) — and that these developed over many generations through natural selection"},"needs":[{"concept":"desert-animals","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"animal-migration","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"predator-hunting-strategies","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"polar-animals","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"how-animals-adapt-to-environments","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"animal-camouflage","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"structural-terminology","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Structural terminology"},"summary":{"en":"Use structural terminology (chapter, scene, stanza) to refer to parts of literary texts and describe how each successive part builds on earlier sections"},"needs":[{"concept":"text-features-and-presentation","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"different-types-of-texts","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"structure-of-information-texts","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Structure of information texts"},"summary":{"en":"Describe the overall structure of an informational text (chronology, comparison, cause/effect, problem/solution) and explain how the author's chosen structure helps convey information and ideas"},"needs":[{"concept":"structural-terminology","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"connecting-ideas-in-texts","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"structured-opinion-writing","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Structured Opinion Writing"},"summary":{"en":"Compose opinion pieces that introduce a topic, state a clear point of view, provide organised reasons linked with connecting words, and include a concluding statement or section"},"needs":[{"concept":"writing-craft-vocabulary","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"writing-opinions","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"structures-for-survival","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Structures for Survival"},"summary":{"en":"Construct an argument that plants and animals have internal and external structures that function to support survival, growth, behaviour, and reproduction"},"needs":[{"concept":"how-plant-parts-work","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"cells-tissues-and-organs","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"skeletons-and-muscles","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"subject-verb-agreement","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Subject-verb agreement"},"summary":{"en":"Use singular and plural nouns with matching verbs in sentences, maintaining subject-verb agreement (e.g., 'He hops' vs 'We hop')"},"needs":[{"concept":"regular-plural-nouns","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"basic-nouns-and-verbs","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"subordinate-clauses","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Subordinate clauses"},"summary":{"en":"Use subordination (when, if, that, because) and co-ordination (or, and, but) to join clauses and create compound and complex sentences"},"needs":[{"concept":"listening-and-responding","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"building-sentences","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"four-types-of-sentences","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"joining-words-with-and","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"substituting-into-formulae","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Substituting into Formulae"},"summary":{"en":"Substitute numerical values into formulae and expressions including scientific formulae; evaluate expressions by replacing variables with given values and computing the result using correct order of operations"},"needs":[{"concept":"algebraic-notation","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"subtracting-multiples-of-10","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Subtracting multiples of 10"},"summary":{"en":"Subtract multiples of 10 (10–90) from multiples of 10 using place value strategies"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-multiples-of-10","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"subtraction-as-taking-away-or-separating","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"subtraction-as-taking-away-or-separating","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Subtraction as taking away or separating"},"summary":{"en":"Understand subtraction as taking away or separating from a group to find how many remain"},"needs":[{"concept":"how-many-in-total","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[4,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"suffixes","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Suffixes"},"summary":{"en":"Apply suffix spelling rules that require changes to the root word: dropping final -e before vowel suffixes, changing -y to -i, doubling final consonants in short-vowel words; use suffixes -ment, -ness, -ful, -less, -ly"},"needs":[{"concept":"segmenting-words-into-sounds","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"phonics-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"spelling-verb-endings","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"suffixes-age-7","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Suffixes (age 7+)"},"summary":{"en":"Spell words using productive suffixes (-ation, -ly, -ous) and less common sound-spelling correspondences (/ɪ/ as y, /ʌ/ as ou, endings sounding like /ʒə/, /tʃə/, /ʒən/, /ʃən/) introduced in the Year 3-4 programme"},"needs":[{"concept":"suffixes","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"spelling-verb-endings","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"suffixes-age-9","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Suffixes (age 9+)"},"summary":{"en":"Spell words with Latin and French suffix patterns: endings sounding like /ʃəs/ spelt -cious or -tious (e.g., precious, cautious), /ʃəl/ spelt -cial or -tial (e.g., official, essential), and words ending in -ant/-ance/-ancy vs -ent/-ence/-ency (e.g., observant/observance, confident/confidence)"},"needs":[{"concept":"suffixes-age-7","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"summarising-non-fiction-main-ideas","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Summarising Non-Fiction Main Ideas"},"summary":{"en":"Determine two or more main ideas of an informational text and explain how they are supported by key details, then summarise the text without personal opinions"},"needs":[{"concept":"main-ideas-and-note-taking","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"summarising-spoken-and-media-presentations","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Summarising Spoken and Media Presentations"},"summary":{"en":"Summarise a written text read aloud or information presented in diverse media and formats including visually, quantitatively, and orally"},"needs":[{"concept":"paraphrasing-what-you-hear","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"sun-driven-weather-systems","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Sun-Driven Weather Systems"},"summary":{"en":"Understand how the Sun drives weather: the Sun heats Earth's surface unevenly (land heats faster than water, equator gets more heat than poles), creating differences in air pressure that cause wind patterns, ocean currents, and large-scale weather systems"},"needs":[{"concept":"weather-vs-climate-science","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"the-water-cycle-science","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"sunlight-warms-things-up","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"what-causes-wind","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"sun-moon-and-stars","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Sun, Moon & Stars"},"summary":{"en":"Identify the Sun, Moon, and stars as objects in the sky and describe basic differences: the Sun gives light and heat during the day, stars are tiny points of light at night, and the Moon can appear in both the day and night sky"},"needs":[{"concept":"why-seasons-change","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"sun-moon-and-stars-science","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Sun, Moon, and stars"},"summary":{"en":"Use observations of the sun, moon, and stars to describe predictable patterns such as the sun rising and setting, the moon changing shape, and stars appearing at night"},"needs":[{"concept":"naming-the-planets","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"why-seasons-change","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"sunlight-warms-things-up","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Sunlight warms things up"},"summary":{"en":"Make observations to determine the effect of sunlight on Earth's surface, noticing that sunlight warms the ground, water, and objects"},"needs":[{"concept":"seasonal-changes","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"supervolcanoes-and-volcanic-winter","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Supervolcanoes & Volcanic Winter"},"summary":{"en":"Describe calderas such as Yellowstone and Toba as supervolcanoes capable of erupting thousands of cubic kilometres of ash; explain how sulphur dioxide aerosols in the stratosphere scatter sunlight and cause volcanic winter; discuss the Toba catastrophe theory and how giant eruptions have interacted with ice ages; contrast supervolcano eruptions with ordinary eruptions in scale and climate impact"},"needs":[{"concept":"hazard-assessment-and-evacuation","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"seismic-waves-and-earth-s-interior","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"monitoring-volcanoes","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"supply-chains","subject":"life-skills","names":{"en":"Supply Chains"},"summary":{"en":"Where products come from before they reach the customer; raw materials, making, transporting, and selling; the journey of a product from start to finish"},"needs":[{"concept":"global-trade","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"costs-and-revenue","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"goods-and-services","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"supporting-ideas-with-evidence","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Supporting ideas with evidence"},"summary":{"en":"Explain how an author uses reasons and evidence to support particular points in a text, identifying which reasons and evidence support which specific points"},"needs":[{"concept":"how-authors-support-their-points","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"syllables","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Syllables"},"summary":{"en":"Count, blend, and segment syllables in spoken words; divide written words into syllables as an aid to reading and spelling"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"syllables-age-6","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Syllables (age 6+)"},"summary":{"en":"Decode words of two or more syllables by breaking them into syllable chunks, applying knowledge that every syllable must contain a vowel sound, and blending the parts together"},"needs":[{"concept":"blending-sounds-to-read-words","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"alternative-spellings-for-known-sounds","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"syllables","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"symbiosis","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Symbiosis"},"summary":{"en":"Understand symbiosis — close relationships between different species — including mutualism (both benefit, like clownfish and anemones), commensalism (one benefits without harming the other, like remora fish riding sharks), and parasitism (one benefits at the other's expense, like ticks on deer) — and recognise these relationships in nature"},"needs":[{"concept":"rainforest-animals","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"structural-adaptations","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"the-world-of-minibeasts","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"sympathy-versus-empathy","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Sympathy Versus Empathy"},"summary":{"en":"Distinguish sympathy ('I feel sorry for you') from empathy ('I understand what you're experiencing'); develop active listening skills: reflecting, paraphrasing, asking open questions, resisting the urge to problem-solve too quickly; understand empathic curiosity as genuine interest in another person's inner world; practise being present for someone in distress without trying to fix or minimise their experience; understand vicarious trauma and compassion fatigue, and how empathetic people can protect their own wellbeing while staying present for others"},"needs":[{"concept":"questioning-your-own-biases","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"systemic-inequality-and-allyship","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"synthesising-across-multiple-texts","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Synthesising across multiple texts"},"summary":{"en":"Integrate information from several texts on the same topic in order to write or speak about the subject knowledgeably, combining information without plagiarising"},"needs":[{"concept":"combining-information-from-texts","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"systematic-listing","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Systematic Listing"},"summary":{"en":"Enumerate possibilities of combinations of two variables systematically (e.g. all ways to choose from a set of options)"},"needs":[{"concept":"long-multiplication-age-10","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"systemic-inequality-and-allyship","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Systemic Inequality and Allyship"},"summary":{"en":"Move beyond 'treating everyone the same' to understand that structural advantages and disadvantages exist regardless of individual effort or intention; explore concrete examples of systemic inequality (educational attainment gaps, gender pay gap, representation in leadership); distinguish between individual prejudice and structural discrimination; understand intersectionality — how multiple aspects of identity interact; develop informed compassion rooted in evidence rather than pity; explore what being a genuine ally means in practice"},"needs":[{"concept":"prejudice-and-discrimination","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"fairness-equality-and-equity","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"tables-charts-and-graphs","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Tables, charts, and graphs"},"summary":{"en":"Construct data tables with correct headings and SI units, plot appropriate graph types (bar chart, line graph, scatter graph), draw a line of best fit, and calculate the gradient of a straight-line graph"},"needs":[{"concept":"repeated-tests-for-reliability","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"bar-graphs","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"classifying-living-things-age-9","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"taking-apart-and-rebuilding","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Taking Apart & Rebuilding"},"summary":{"en":"Observe that an object made of a small set of pieces can be disassembled and made into a new object, understanding that the pieces still exist"},"needs":[{"concept":"objects-vs-materials","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"taking-turns-and-sharing","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Taking Turns and Sharing"},"summary":{"en":"Take turns, share materials, and play cooperatively with others — understanding that group activities work better when everyone gets a fair go and that waiting for your turn is part of being a good friend"},"needs":[{"concept":"vocabulary-working-with-others","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"taxes-and-public-services","subject":"life-skills","names":{"en":"Taxes & Public Services"},"summary":{"en":"What taxes are and why people pay them; how taxes fund schools, hospitals, roads, and emergency services; that governments decide how to spend tax money"},"needs":[{"concept":"how-the-economy-works","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"earning-money","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"teaching-it-back","subject":"learning-to-learn","names":{"en":"Teaching It Back"},"summary":{"en":"After learning something new, explain it in your own words — to yourself, a family member, or even a toy"},"needs":[{"concept":"explaining-mathematical-reasoning","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"thinking-before-starting","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"teamwork-in-business","subject":"life-skills","names":{"en":"Teamwork in Business"},"summary":{"en":"Most businesses need more than one person; working together, dividing tasks, and using different people's strengths; the value of teamwork in business"},"needs":[{"concept":"making-a-simple-plan","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"tectonic-plates","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Tectonic Plates"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that Earth's crust is broken into large pieces called tectonic plates that float on hotter, softer rock beneath and move very slowly — a few centimetres per year"},"needs":[{"concept":"ring-of-fire","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"finding-patterns-in-data","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"earth-s-layers","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"telling-time-hours-and-half-hours","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Telling Time: Hours and Half Hours"},"summary":{"en":"Tell the time to the hour and half past the hour, and draw clock hands to show these times"},"needs":[{"concept":"reading-and-writing-numbers-to-20","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"what-is-a-half","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"telling-time-to-the-minute","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"telling-time-minutes","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Telling Time: Minutes"},"summary":{"en":"Tell and write the time to five minutes, including quarter past and quarter to, and draw clock hands to show these times"},"needs":[{"concept":"telling-time-hours-and-half-hours","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"counting-in-2s","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"telling-time-to-the-minute","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Telling time to the minute"},"summary":{"en":"Measure and begin to record time in hours, minutes, and seconds"},"needs":[{"concept":"comparing-durations","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"telling-time-to-the-minute-age-7","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Telling time to the minute (age 7+)"},"summary":{"en":"Tell and write time from analogue and digital clocks to the nearest five minutes, using a.m., p.m., and 12-hour and 24-hour notation"},"needs":[{"concept":"telling-time-minutes","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"telling-time-to-the-minute-age-8","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Telling time to the minute (age 8+)"},"summary":{"en":"Tell and write time to the nearest minute using analogue and digital clocks"},"needs":[{"concept":"telling-time-to-the-minute-age-7","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"telling-time-to-the-minute-age-9","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Telling time to the minute (age 9+)"},"summary":{"en":"Solve problems involving converting between units of time (hours↔minutes, minutes↔seconds, years↔months, weeks↔days)"},"needs":[{"concept":"converting-measurement-units","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"numbers-on-a-number-line-4","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"temperate-rainforests","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Temperate Rainforests"},"summary":{"en":"Know that not all rainforests are tropical — temperate rainforests exist in cooler, wet regions like the Pacific Northwest of North America, western Scotland and Wales, southern Chile, and New Zealand — with similar features (high rainfall, moss-draped trees, dense canopy) but different species, including ancient oaks, giant redwoods, and tree ferns"},"needs":[{"concept":"rainforest-layers","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"climate-zones","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"tropical-rainforest-climate","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"temperature-and-thermometers","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Temperature & Thermometers"},"summary":{"en":"Understand temperature as how hot or cold something is, that a thermometer measures temperature, and use words like hot, warm, cool, and cold to describe how the air feels on different days"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"tenths","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Tenths"},"summary":{"en":"Count up and down in tenths; recognise that tenths arise from dividing an object into 10 equal parts and from dividing one-digit numbers or quantities by 10"},"needs":[{"concept":"fractions-of-amounts","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"counting-in-2s","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"tenths-age-8","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Tenths (age 8+)"},"summary":{"en":"Count up and down in hundredths; recognise that hundredths arise when dividing an object by 100 or dividing tenths by 10"},"needs":[{"concept":"tenths","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"tenths-age-9","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Tenths (age 9+)"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise and use thousandths; relate them to tenths, hundredths, and their decimal equivalents (e.g. 1/1000 = 0.001, 35/1000 = 0.035)"},"needs":[{"concept":"decimals-for-tenths-and-hundredths","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"testing-materials-for-uses","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Testing Materials for Uses"},"summary":{"en":"Give reasons, based on evidence from comparative and fair tests, for the particular uses of everyday materials including metals, wood, and plastic"},"needs":[{"concept":"material-properties-vocabulary","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"testing-push-and-pull-designs","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Testing Push & Pull Designs"},"summary":{"en":"Analyse data to determine if a design solution works as intended to change the speed or direction of an object with a push or pull"},"needs":[{"concept":"pushes-and-pulls","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"text-and-media-connections","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Text & Media Connections"},"summary":{"en":"Make connections between the text of a story or drama and a visual or oral presentation of the text, identifying where each version reflects specific descriptions and directions from the text"},"needs":[{"concept":"pictures-and-text-working-together","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"text-features-and-presentation","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Text Features & Presentation"},"summary":{"en":"Identify how language choices, text structure and presentational features (illustrations, diagrams, bold print, layout) contribute to the overall meaning and effect of a text"},"needs":[{"concept":"expressive-and-sensory-language","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"non-fiction-text-features","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-0-to-1-probability-scale","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"The 0-to-1 Probability Scale"},"summary":{"en":"Understand probability as a measure expressed as a number between 0 (impossible) and 1 (certain); place events on the probability scale; express probabilities as fractions, decimals, and percentages"},"needs":[{"concept":"probability-as-a-fraction","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"comparing-fractions","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-amazon-rainforest","subject":"science","names":{"en":"The Amazon Rainforest"},"summary":{"en":"Know that the Amazon is Earth's greatest rainforest — spanning nine countries across South America, containing the world's largest river by water volume, and home to an estimated 10% of all species on Earth including 40,000 plant species, 1,300 bird species, and 3,000 types of fish"},"needs":[{"concept":"where-rainforests-are","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"tropical-rainforest-climate","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-arctic-tundra","subject":"science","names":{"en":"The Arctic Tundra"},"summary":{"en":"Know what the Arctic tundra is — a vast, treeless landscape with permafrost (permanently frozen ground) just below the surface, a very short growing season in summer when mosses, lichens, and tough grasses burst into life, and home to caribou/reindeer, musk oxen, lemmings, and snowy owls"},"needs":[{"concept":"comparing-arctic-and-antarctic","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-atmosphere","subject":"science","names":{"en":"The Atmosphere"},"summary":{"en":"Know that Earth is surrounded by a layer of air called the atmosphere, that air has weight and exerts pressure, that the atmosphere protects us from harmful radiation and keeps the planet warm enough for life, and that weather happens in the lowest layer (troposphere)"},"needs":[{"concept":"what-causes-wind","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-biodiversity-crisis","subject":"science","names":{"en":"The Biodiversity Crisis"},"summary":{"en":"Quantify the current biodiversity crisis: extinction rates 100-1000x the background rate; explain methods for measuring biodiversity loss (species-area relationship, population viability analysis, IUCN Red List categories); evaluate rewilding case studies — Yellowstone wolf reintroduction triggering a trophic cascade that changed river courses; Iberian lynx recovery; describe minimum viable population theory and conservation triage; examine ethical debates in deciding which species to prioritise"},"needs":[{"concept":"endangered-and-extinct-species","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"biodiversity","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"protecting-endangered-animals","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-black-death","subject":"history","names":{"en":"The Black Death"},"summary":{"en":"The Black Death of 1348-49: what the plague was, how it spread, its devastating death toll; how it changed society by giving surviving workers more power and higher wages"},"needs":[{"concept":"medieval-pyramid-of-power","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"village-life","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-brain-controls-the-body","subject":"science","names":{"en":"The Brain Controls the Body"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that the brain is the body’s control centre: it receives messages from the senses, thinks and makes decisions, and sends messages through nerves to tell muscles what to do"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-carbon-cycle","subject":"science","names":{"en":"The Carbon Cycle"},"summary":{"en":"Describe the carbon cycle, tracing carbon through photosynthesis, respiration, feeding, decomposition, and combustion, and explain the role of each process"},"needs":[{"concept":"matter-cycling-in-ecosystems","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"aerobic-respiration","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"food-webs-and-interdependence","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"photosynthesis","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-circulatory-system","subject":"science","names":{"en":"The Circulatory System"},"summary":{"en":"Identify and name the main parts of the human circulatory system and describe the functions of the heart, blood vessels, and blood"},"needs":[{"concept":"skeletons-and-muscles","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"heart-and-blood-circulation","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"organ-systems-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"the-digestive-system","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-crusades","subject":"history","names":{"en":"The Crusades"},"summary":{"en":"A simplified account of the Crusades: why Europeans travelled to the Holy Land, what they found there, the cultural exchange between Christian Europe and the Islamic world"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-medieval-church","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"knights-and-armour","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-digestive-journey","subject":"science","names":{"en":"The Digestive Journey"},"summary":{"en":"Trace the journey of food through the digestive system: food enters the mouth where teeth break it down and saliva begins digestion, travels down the oesophagus to the stomach, passes through the small intestine where nutrients are absorbed, and waste moves through the large intestine"},"needs":[{"concept":"basic-body-needs","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-digestive-system","subject":"science","names":{"en":"The Digestive System"},"summary":{"en":"Describe the simple functions of the basic parts of the human digestive system: mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine"},"needs":[{"concept":"animal-nutrition","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"the-digestive-journey","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-eight-planets","subject":"science","names":{"en":"The Eight Planets"},"summary":{"en":"Name the eight planets in order from the Sun (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune), know that Pluto is a dwarf planet, and distinguish rocky inner planets from gas giant outer planets"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-sun-is-a-star","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"our-solar-system","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-electromagnetic-spectrum","subject":"science","names":{"en":"The Electromagnetic Spectrum"},"summary":{"en":"Describe the full electromagnetic spectrum from radio waves to gamma rays, in order of increasing frequency and energy; explain that all EM waves travel at the same speed in a vacuum; and describe the uses and hazards of different regions"},"needs":[{"concept":"wave-properties-and-types","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"reflection-and-refraction","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"observing-with-light-waves","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-first-olympics","subject":"history","names":{"en":"The first Olympics"},"summary":{"en":"Know that the Olympic Games began in ancient Greece at a place called Olympia as athletic competitions held in honour of Zeus, and that the modern Olympic Games we watch today were inspired by those ancient games"},"needs":[{"concept":"greek-gods-and-mount-olympus","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"ancient-greece-and-rome-on-the-map","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-five-oceans","subject":"science","names":{"en":"The Five Oceans"},"summary":{"en":"Name and locate the five oceans — Pacific (largest), Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic (smallest and coldest) — on a world map, and understand that they are all connected as one global ocean"},"needs":[{"concept":"where-water-is-found-on-earth","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"what-is-the-ocean","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-five-senses","subject":"science","names":{"en":"The Five Senses"},"summary":{"en":"Explore the five senses in detail: sight uses eyes to detect light, hearing uses ears to detect sound, touch uses skin to feel pressure and temperature, taste uses the tongue to detect flavours, and smell uses the nose to detect odours"},"needs":[{"concept":"body-parts-and-senses","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"the-brain-controls-the-body","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-future-of-ai","subject":"computing","names":{"en":"The Future of AI"},"summary":{"en":"What AI might do in 10 years; what we want it to do and what we're worried about; children as future designers and decision-makers about AI; hopeful, empowered framing"},"needs":[{"concept":"designing-fair-ai-rules","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"ai-and-the-future-of-work","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"ai-and-the-environment","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-heart-and-blood","subject":"science","names":{"en":"The Heart & Blood"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that the heart is a muscle that pumps blood around the body through tubes called blood vessels, and that we can feel our heartbeat by placing a hand on our chest or fingers on our wrist"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-human-skeleton","subject":"science","names":{"en":"The Human Skeleton"},"summary":{"en":"Describe the structure and four main functions of the human skeleton: support, protection, movement, and production of blood cells in bone marrow"},"needs":[{"concept":"cells-to-organ-systems","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"skeletons-and-muscles","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-immune-system","subject":"science","names":{"en":"The Immune System"},"summary":{"en":"Know that the body has an immune system that protects against illness: the skin acts as a barrier, white blood cells identify and destroy germs (bacteria and viruses), and vaccines train the immune system to recognise specific diseases before they cause illness"},"needs":[{"concept":"cells-tissues-and-organs","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-insect-body-plan","subject":"science","names":{"en":"The insect body plan"},"summary":{"en":"The insect body plan: all insects share three body parts (head, thorax, abdomen), six legs attached to the thorax, and antennae on the head. Most have wings. They have an exoskeleton — a hard outer shell — instead of bones inside."},"needs":[{"concept":"how-minibeasts-move","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"common-minibeasts-naming-and-recognising","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-k-pg-extinction-event","subject":"science","names":{"en":"The K-Pg Extinction Event"},"summary":{"en":"Describe the Cretaceous–Palaeogene (K-Pg) extinction event approximately 66 million years ago, including the asteroid impact theory and its evidence (iridium layer, Chicxulub crater), and understand that this ended the reign of non-avian dinosaurs"},"needs":[{"concept":"dinosaurs-were-real","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"the-mesozoic-era","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-medieval-church","subject":"history","names":{"en":"The Medieval Church"},"summary":{"en":"The enormous power of the medieval Church: monasteries and the daily life of monks and nuns; building great cathedrals; pilgrimage as a religious journey; the Church's influence over everyday life"},"needs":[{"concept":"medieval-pyramid-of-power","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"village-life","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-mesozoic-era","subject":"science","names":{"en":"The Mesozoic Era"},"summary":{"en":"Place the three periods of the Mesozoic Era — Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous — in order and understand that different dinosaurs lived in different periods, not all at the same time"},"needs":[{"concept":"famous-dinosaur-species","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"dinosaurs-were-real","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"dinosaur-sizes","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-moon-s-orbit","subject":"science","names":{"en":"The Moon's Orbit"},"summary":{"en":"Know that the Moon orbits Earth approximately once a month, that it does not make its own light but reflects sunlight, and that its changing appearance (phases) is caused by how much of the sunlit side we can see from Earth"},"needs":[{"concept":"moon-phases","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"earth-s-spin-and-orbit","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-most-successful-animals-on-earth","subject":"science","names":{"en":"The most successful animals on Earth"},"summary":{"en":"The most successful animals on Earth: there are roughly one million described insect species, and scientists estimate 5–10 million may exist. More insect species than all other animal groups combined. Why so many? Small body size means less food needed, fast reproduction with many offspring, flight allows reaching new habitats, and the exoskeleton is incredibly versatile."},"needs":[{"concept":"not-all-minibeasts-are-insects","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"insects-in-ecosystems","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-multiples-of-10","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"The multiples of 10"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that the multiples of 10 (10, 20, 30 … 90) represent one to nine tens and 0 ones"},"needs":[{"concept":"counting-in-2s","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"a-ten-is-ten-ones","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-multiples-of-100","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"The multiples of 100"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that the multiples of 100 (100–900) each represent a number of hundreds with 0 tens and 0 ones"},"needs":[{"concept":"a-hundred-is-ten-tens","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-nervous-system","subject":"science","names":{"en":"The Nervous System"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that the nervous system has two parts — the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and nerves that branch throughout the body — and that nerve signals travel at high speed to coordinate senses, thought, and movement"},"needs":[{"concept":"how-the-eye-works","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"senses-brain-and-responses","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"the-brain-controls-the-body","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-ocean-floor","subject":"science","names":{"en":"The Ocean Floor"},"summary":{"en":"Know that the ocean floor is not flat — it has mountains, valleys, and the deepest trenches on Earth — and that the deepest point is the Mariana Trench, deeper than Mount Everest is tall"},"needs":[{"concept":"what-is-the-ocean","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"ocean-depth-zones","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-particle-model","subject":"science","names":{"en":"The Particle Model"},"summary":{"en":"Use the particle model to explain the properties of solids, liquids, and gases — including differences in arrangement, movement, and spacing — and apply the model to explain density, compressibility, and the anomalous expansion of water"},"needs":[{"concept":"drawing-particle-diagrams","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"matter-is-made-of-particles","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"solids-liquids-and-gases","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-periodic-table","subject":"science","names":{"en":"The Periodic Table"},"summary":{"en":"Describe the organisation of the periodic table into periods and groups, explain the contribution of Mendeleev, and use the table to identify metals, non-metals, and predict patterns in reactivity"},"needs":[{"concept":"atoms-elements-and-compounds","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-pharaoh-as-living-god","subject":"history","names":{"en":"The Pharaoh as Living God"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that the pharaoh was not just a ruler but was believed to be a living god — the intermediary between the gods and the people — and that the concept of Ma'at (truth, justice, and cosmic order) guided Egyptian law and government, with viziers and officials administering the kingdom on the pharaoh's behalf"},"needs":[{"concept":"egyptian-gods-and-goddesses","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"egyptian-social-hierarchy","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-prefix-un","subject":"english","names":{"en":"The Prefix un-"},"summary":{"en":"Spell words using the prefix un- to change meaning; understand that un- creates opposites or reverses actions"},"needs":[{"concept":"segmenting-words-into-sounds","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"phonics-vocabulary","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-present-perfect-tense","subject":"english","names":{"en":"The Present Perfect Tense"},"summary":{"en":"Use the present perfect form of verbs in contrast to the simple past tense, understanding how the present perfect indicates an action completed at an unspecified time or with ongoing relevance (e.g., 'He has gone out' vs 'He went out')"},"needs":[{"concept":"past-present-and-progressive-tense","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"simple-past-present-and-future","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"subject-verb-agreement","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-probability-scale","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"The Probability Scale"},"summary":{"en":"Understand probability as a measure on a scale from 0 (impossible) to 1 (certain); use the language of probability including likely, unlikely, certain, and impossible"},"needs":[{"concept":"one-quantity-as-a-fraction","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"calculating-simple-probability","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-race-to-the-south-pole","subject":"science","names":{"en":"The Race to the South Pole"},"summary":{"en":"Know the story of the race to the South Pole in detail — Norwegian Roald Amundsen and British Robert Falcon Scott both set out in 1911, Amundsen arrived first on 14 December using dog sleds and careful planning, Scott arrived 34 days later using man-hauled sledges and tragically died with his team on the return journey; also know about Ernest Shackleton's 1914 Endurance expedition where the ship was trapped and crushed by ice, and Shackleton's extraordinary boat journey to South Georgia to rescue his crew"},"needs":[{"concept":"brave-polar-explorers","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"comparing-arctic-and-antarctic","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-reactivity-series","subject":"science","names":{"en":"The Reactivity Series"},"summary":{"en":"Order common metals in the reactivity series and explain how a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive one; describe how carbon is used to extract metals from their oxides in industry"},"needs":[{"concept":"metals-vs-non-metals","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"types-of-chemical-reaction","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-red-queen-hypothesis","subject":"science","names":{"en":"The Red Queen Hypothesis"},"summary":{"en":"Introduce the Red Queen hypothesis — species must keep evolving just to maintain fitness relative to co-evolving partners; describe predator-prey arms races (cheetah speed vs gazelle speed, bat echolocation vs moth hearing jamming) and parasite-host co-evolution (myxomatosis in rabbits); explain Darwin's hawk moth and orchid as a classic example of mutualistic co-evolution predicting an unknown species; understand that co-evolution is a major driver of biological diversification"},"needs":[{"concept":"predator-hunting-strategies","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"structural-adaptations","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-rock-cycle","subject":"science","names":{"en":"The Rock Cycle"},"summary":{"en":"Explain the rock cycle: how igneous rocks form from magma, sedimentary rocks from compressed sediment, and metamorphic rocks from heat and pressure, and how all rock types can transform into one another over geological time"},"needs":[{"concept":"how-tectonic-plates-move","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"properties-of-materials","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"rocks-and-soil","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-rock-cycle-science","subject":"science","names":{"en":"The Rock Cycle"},"summary":{"en":"Understand the rock cycle: rocks slowly change from one type to another over millions of years — igneous rock weathers into sediment, sediment becomes sedimentary rock, heat and pressure create metamorphic rock, and melting starts the cycle again"},"needs":[{"concept":"earth-s-layers","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"types-of-rock","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"erosion-and-weathering","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-solar-system","subject":"science","names":{"en":"The solar system"},"summary":{"en":"Describe the sun, Earth, and moon as approximately spherical bodies, and describe the movement of the Earth and other planets orbiting the sun in the solar system"},"needs":[{"concept":"naming-the-planets","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"sun-moon-and-stars-science","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-solar-system-age-11","subject":"science","names":{"en":"The solar system (age 11+)"},"summary":{"en":"Describe the detailed structure of the solar system, including moons, asteroids, and comets, compare orbital periods and distances of the planets, and distinguish between planets, dwarf planets, and other bodies"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-solar-system","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"naming-the-planets","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-subjunctive-mood","subject":"english","names":{"en":"The subjunctive mood"},"summary":{"en":"Use the subjunctive form in formal writing and speech to express wishes, demands, suggestions, or hypothetical situations (e.g., 'If I were you', 'I suggest that he go', 'Were they to arrive')"},"needs":[{"concept":"subordinate-clauses","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-sun-is-a-star","subject":"science","names":{"en":"The Sun is a star"},"summary":{"en":"Know that the Sun is a star — the closest star to Earth — and that it is at the centre of our solar system, with all eight planets orbiting around it"},"needs":[{"concept":"sun-moon-and-stars","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"our-solar-system","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-teen-numbers","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"The teen numbers"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that the teen numbers (11–19) are composed of ten ones and some further ones (early place value)"},"needs":[{"concept":"how-many-in-total","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"reading-and-writing-numbers-to-20","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-three-digits-of-a-three-digit-number","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"The three digits of a three-digit number"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that the three digits of a three-digit number represent amounts of hundreds, tens, and ones"},"needs":[{"concept":"a-hundred-is-ten-tens","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"the-two-digits-of-a-two-digit-number","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-two-digits-of-a-two-digit-number","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"The two digits of a two-digit number"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that the two digits of a two-digit number represent amounts of tens and ones"},"needs":[{"concept":"a-ten-is-ten-ones","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"the-teen-numbers","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-vast-scale-of-space","subject":"science","names":{"en":"The Vast Scale of Space"},"summary":{"en":"Describe the scale of the universe in nested layers: Earth is one planet in our solar system, the Sun is one star among billions in the Milky Way galaxy, and the Milky Way is one galaxy among billions in the universe"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-eight-planets","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"the-sun-is-a-star","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-vikings","subject":"history","names":{"en":"The Vikings"},"summary":{"en":"Who the Vikings were: seafaring warriors and traders from Scandinavia; longships; Viking raids on Britain; that Vikings also settled and farmed"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-water-cycle","subject":"science","names":{"en":"The Water Cycle"},"summary":{"en":"Describe the water cycle, tracing water through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, surface runoff, and transpiration in plants, explaining how the sun drives the cycle"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-water-cycle-science","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"evaporation-and-the-water-cycle","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-water-cycle-science","subject":"science","names":{"en":"The Water Cycle"},"summary":{"en":"Understand the water cycle: the Sun heats water in oceans and lakes causing it to evaporate into water vapour, the vapour rises and cools to form clouds (condensation), and water falls back to Earth as rain, snow, or hail (precipitation) — then the cycle repeats"},"needs":[{"concept":"cloud-types","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"where-water-is-found-on-earth","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"heating-and-cooling-changes","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"temperature-and-thermometers","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"rain-and-puddles","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-world-contains-many-cultures-traditions","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"The world contains many cultures, traditions"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that the world contains many cultures, traditions, and belief systems, and that learning about others' perspectives enriches our own understanding — developing genuine curiosity about and respect for cultural diversity"},"needs":[{"concept":"fairness-equality-and-equity","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"different-lives-and-experiences","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"the-world-of-minibeasts","subject":"science","names":{"en":"The World of Minibeasts"},"summary":{"en":"Know that insects and other minibeasts (spiders, worms, snails, centipedes) are the most numerous and diverse group of animals on Earth — there are more species of beetle than any other animal — and that they play vital roles as pollinators (bees, butterflies), decomposers (woodlice, worms), and food for other animals"},"needs":[{"concept":"animal-body-groups","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"animal-homes","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"animals-everywhere","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"themes-across-cultures-and-traditions","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Themes Across Cultures and Traditions"},"summary":{"en":"Compare and contrast the treatment of similar themes, topics, and story patterns (e.g., good vs evil, quest narratives, trickster tales) in stories, myths, and traditional literature from different cultures"},"needs":[{"concept":"themes-and-messages","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"themes-and-messages","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Themes and messages"},"summary":{"en":"Identify recurring themes (good vs evil, friendship, bravery) and conventions (once upon a time, moral at the end, hero's journey) across a wide range of books including fairy stories, myths, legends and traditional tales"},"needs":[{"concept":"characters-settings-and-events","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"discussing-texts-as-a-group","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"story-lessons-and-morals","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"thinking-before-starting","subject":"learning-to-learn","names":{"en":"Thinking Before Starting"},"summary":{"en":"Before starting something new, stop and think: what do I already know about this topic?"},"needs":[{"concept":"persisting-when-it-s-hard","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"threats-to-insects-and-conservation","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Threats to insects and conservation"},"summary":{"en":"Threats to insects and conservation: insect populations are declining worldwide. Causes include habitat loss, pesticide use, light pollution disrupting nocturnal insects, and climate change. Pollinator decline threatens food production. What children can do: plant pollinator-friendly gardens, reduce pesticide use, participate in citizen science like the Big Butterfly Count."},"needs":[{"concept":"caring-for-minibeasts","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"insects-in-ecosystems","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"thunder-and-lightning","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Thunder & Lightning"},"summary":{"en":"Know that thunder and lightning happen during thunderstorms: lightning is a giant spark of electricity that forms in clouds, thunder is the sound the lightning makes, and we see lightning before hearing thunder because light travels faster than sound"},"needs":[{"concept":"storm-safety","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"cloud-types","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"tides-waves-and-currents","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Tides, Waves & Currents"},"summary":{"en":"Know that the ocean has tides (water level rises and falls twice a day, caused mainly by the Moon's gravity), waves (caused by wind), and currents (rivers of water flowing through the ocean that carry warmth and nutrients around the world)"},"needs":[{"concept":"coasts-and-beaches","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"what-is-the-ocean","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"time-and-attention-management","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Time and Attention Management"},"summary":{"en":"Manage their own time and attention effectively — prioritising tasks, minimising distractions, and maintaining focus on important work even when it's not the most exciting option"},"needs":[{"concept":"breaking-tasks-into-steps","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"time-units-and-calendar-facts","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Time Units and Calendar Facts"},"summary":{"en":"Know the number of seconds in a minute and the number of days in each month, year, and leap year"},"needs":[{"concept":"number-of-minutes-in-an-hour","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"times-tables","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Times tables"},"summary":{"en":"Recall and use multiplication and division facts for the 2, 5, and 10 multiplication tables"},"needs":[{"concept":"counting-in-2s","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"multiplication-as-repeated-addition","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"times-tables-age-7","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Times tables (age 7+)"},"summary":{"en":"Recall and use multiplication and division facts for the 3, 4, and 8 multiplication tables"},"needs":[{"concept":"times-tables","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"skip-counting-4s-8s-50s-100s","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"times-tables-age-8","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Times tables (age 8+)"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise and use repeated reasoning to generalise: extend patterns in times tables and equivalent fractions, derive unknown facts from known facts efficiently, describe general rules"},"needs":[{"concept":"extending-table-patterns","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"equivalent-fractions-on-a-number-line","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"understanding-angles-age-8-maths","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"describing-rules-and-patterns","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"tokenization","subject":"llms","names":{"en":"Tokenization","hi":"टोकनाइज़ेशन"},"summary":{"en":"How text is cut into the pieces a language model reads, and why those pieces are usually parts of words."},"needs":[]},{"id":"towns-and-trade","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Towns & Trade"},"summary":{"en":"The growth of medieval towns: markets, guilds, the merchant class; how towns won charters of self-governance; the shift from purely rural to partly urban life"},"needs":[{"concept":"medieval-pyramid-of-power","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"the-crusades","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"toxins-building-up-in-food-chains","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Toxins Building Up in Food Chains"},"summary":{"en":"Explain how organisms affect and are affected by their environment, including the bioaccumulation of toxic materials (e.g. pesticides, heavy metals) through food chains"},"needs":[{"concept":"food-webs-and-interdependence","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"tracing-theme-across-a-text","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Tracing Theme Across a Text"},"summary":{"en":"Determine and analyse the theme or central idea of a text, trace how it develops across the text through key details and events, and provide an objective summary distinct from personal opinion"},"needs":[{"concept":"main-ideas-and-note-taking","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"themes-and-messages","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"traits-inherited-and-environmental","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Traits: inherited and environmental"},"summary":{"en":"Use evidence to support the explanation that traits can be influenced by the environment as well as inheritance"},"needs":[{"concept":"inherited-characteristics","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"inheritance-vocabulary","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"transferring-skills","subject":"learning-to-learn","names":{"en":"Transferring Skills"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise when a skill or strategy learned in one subject or situation can be applied in a completely different one"},"needs":[{"concept":"connecting-new-and-old-ideas","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"spotting-patterns","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"transformations-on-a-grid","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Transformations on a grid"},"summary":{"en":"Represent and carry out geometric transformations on squared paper or a coordinate grid: reflections (in horizontal, vertical, and diagonal mirror lines, including the axes), translations (described as a vector or as left/right/up/down moves), and rotations (90° or 180° about a stated centre point); describe each transformation precisely using the correct language; identify which transformation maps one shape onto its image by comparing position, orientation, and size"},"needs":[],"ages":[8,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"transformations-on-a-grid-maths","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Transformations on a Grid"},"summary":{"en":"Identify, describe, and represent the position of a shape following a reflection or translation using appropriate language; know that the shape has not changed"},"needs":[{"concept":"lines-of-symmetry","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"coordinates-age-8","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"transformations-on-a-grid","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"describing-movements","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"translating-and-reflecting-shapes","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Translating and reflecting shapes"},"summary":{"en":"Draw and translate simple shapes on the coordinate plane; reflect shapes in the axes"},"needs":[{"concept":"transformations-on-a-grid-maths","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"coordinates-age-10","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"transformations-on-a-grid","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"transparent-translucent-and-opaque","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Transparent, Translucent & Opaque"},"summary":{"en":"Investigate the effect of placing objects made of different materials in the path of a beam of light, discovering transparent, translucent, and opaque materials"},"needs":[{"concept":"light-and-seeing-in-the-dark","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"describing-material-properties","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"light-and-sound-vocabulary","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"tree-diagrams","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Tree diagrams"},"summary":{"en":"Generate theoretical sample spaces for single and combined events using listing, tables, and tree diagrams, and calculate theoretical probabilities as the number of favourable outcomes divided by the total number of equally likely outcomes"},"needs":[{"concept":"sets-and-venn-diagrams","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"multiplying-fractions-age-10","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"experimental-probability","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"tricky-words","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Tricky words"},"summary":{"en":"Spell common exception words from memory that do not follow regular phonic patterns, including the days of the week"},"needs":[{"concept":"segmenting-words-into-sounds","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"knowing-all-letters","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"triggers-and-causes-of-feelings","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Triggers and Causes of Feelings"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that feelings have causes — something happens (a trigger) and that makes us feel a certain way — and begin to identify what triggers their own emotions"},"needs":[{"concept":"feelings-change-and-differ","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"trigonometry-basics","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Trigonometry basics"},"summary":{"en":"Use the trigonometric ratios sin, cos, and tan in right-angled triangles to find unknown sides and angles, including setting up the correct ratio for a given problem"},"needs":[{"concept":"types-of-angles-age-13","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"simple-formulae","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[13,15],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"trigraphs","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Trigraphs"},"summary":{"en":"Read and spell words containing trigraphs — three-letter graphemes representing a single sound (igh, air, ear, are)"},"needs":[{"concept":"consonant-digraphs","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"vowel-digraphs","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"tropical-rainforest-climate","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Tropical Rainforest Climate"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that rainforests have a tropical climate — consistently hot (25–30°C) with over 2000 mm of rainfall per year — and that this combination of heat and moisture creates ideal conditions for rapid plant growth and extraordinary biodiversity"},"needs":[{"concept":"where-rainforests-are","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"what-is-a-rainforest","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"geography-and-local-weather","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"troy-myth-or-history","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Troy: Myth or History?"},"summary":{"en":"Explore how Heinrich Schliemann's excavation at Hisarlik in modern Turkey raised questions about whether the Trojan War described in Homer's Iliad was historical, partly historical, or entirely mythical — understanding that archaeology and literary sources can support or contradict each other, and that the line between myth and history in the ancient world is often blurred"},"needs":[{"concept":"evidence-for-greek-and-roman-life","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"greek-myths-and-heroes","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"trying-a-new-approach","subject":"learning-to-learn","names":{"en":"Trying a New Approach"},"summary":{"en":"When your first approach isn't working, try a different one — being flexible about strategies is part of being a good learner"},"needs":[{"concept":"feeling-of-not-understanding","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"planning-a-task","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"tsunamis","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Tsunamis"},"summary":{"en":"Know what a tsunami is: a very large, fast ocean wave caused by an earthquake or volcanic eruption under the sea, which can cause great damage when it reaches land"},"needs":[{"concept":"power-of-eruptions","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"what-is-an-earthquake","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"why-earthquakes-happen","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"turns-and-directions","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Turns & Directions"},"summary":{"en":"Describe movement and direction, including whole, half, quarter, and three-quarter turns"},"needs":[{"concept":"what-is-a-half","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"positional-language","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"two-step-addition-and-subtraction-problems","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Two-step addition and subtraction problems"},"summary":{"en":"Solve addition and subtraction two-step problems in contexts, deciding which operations and methods to use and why"},"needs":[{"concept":"adding-and-subtracting-age-8","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"missing-number-problems-age-7","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"two-step-equations","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Two-Step Equations"},"summary":{"en":"Solve two-step word problems using the four operations; represent problems using equations with a letter standing for the unknown quantity"},"needs":[{"concept":"fluent-adding-and-subtracting-within-1000","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"rounding-to-10-100-1000","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"two-step-word-problems","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"two-step-word-problems","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Two-Step Word Problems"},"summary":{"en":"Solve one- and two-step word problems within 100 using addition and subtraction, with unknowns in all positions"},"needs":[{"concept":"fluent-adding-and-subtracting-within-100","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"early-word-problems","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"two-written-numerals-between-1-and-10","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Two written numerals between 1 and 10"},"summary":{"en":"Compare two written numerals between 1 and 10 to determine which is greater or less"},"needs":[{"concept":"comparing-groups-more-or-fewer","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"types-of-angles","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Types of angles"},"summary":{"en":"Identify acute and obtuse angles; compare and order angles up to two right angles by size"},"needs":[{"concept":"right-angles-and-turns","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"types-of-angles-age-11","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Types of angles (age 11+)"},"summary":{"en":"Use conventional geometric terms and notation to describe, sketch, and draw points, lines, parallel and perpendicular lines, right angles, regular polygons, and reflectively/rotationally symmetric polygons"},"needs":[{"concept":"regular-and-irregular-polygons","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"classifying-shapes-by-properties","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"types-of-angles-age-13","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Types of angles (age 13+)"},"summary":{"en":"Apply Pythagoras’ Theorem (a² + b² = c²) to calculate unknown side lengths in right-angled triangles, including in real-world and coordinate-geometry contexts"},"needs":[{"concept":"simple-formulae","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"angle-sums-in-triangles-and-polygons","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[13,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"types-of-angles-age-8","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Types of angles (age 8+)"},"summary":{"en":"Use and interpret standard geometric diagram conventions: mark right angles with a small square, equal lengths with single or double tick marks, and equal angles with arc marks; label angles in three-letter notation (∠ABC) and individual angles with a single letter or number; draw diagrams showing angles at a point, angles on a straight line, and angles inside polygons with these conventions; read diagrams with these marks to identify given information and find unknown values"},"needs":[],"ages":[8,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"types-of-chemical-reaction","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Types of Chemical Reaction"},"summary":{"en":"Identify and describe four types of chemical reaction: combustion (burning in oxygen), oxidation (gain of oxygen), thermal decomposition (breaking down by heat), and displacement (more reactive metal replaces less reactive one)"},"needs":[{"concept":"physical-vs-chemical-changes","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"metals-vs-non-metals","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"types-of-fossils","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Types of Fossils"},"summary":{"en":"Distinguish body fossils (preserved bones, teeth, shells) from trace fossils (footprints, trackways, eggs, burrows, coprolites) and explain what each type can tell scientists"},"needs":[{"concept":"fossils-and-palaeontologists","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"how-fossils-form","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"types-of-metamorphosis","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Types of Metamorphosis"},"summary":{"en":"Complete vs incomplete metamorphosis. Complete: egg → larva → pupa → adult (butterflies, beetles, flies). Incomplete: egg → nymph → adult — the nymph looks like a small version of the adult and moults as it grows (grasshoppers, dragonflies, crickets). Why do some insects transform completely while others grow gradually?"},"needs":[{"concept":"insect-life-cycles-complete-metamorphosis","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"types-of-rock","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Types of Rock"},"summary":{"en":"Know the three main types of rock — igneous (formed when lava or magma cools), sedimentary (formed from layers pressed together), and metamorphic — and that fossils are found in sedimentary rock"},"needs":[{"concept":"earth-s-layers","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"properties-of-materials","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"what-is-a-volcano","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"earth-is-made-of-rock","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"types-of-rocks","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Types of rocks"},"summary":{"en":"Use vocabulary for Earth's geological processes and rock types — igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic, erosion, weathering, deposition, fossil, sediment, strata, permeable, impermeable — and apply these when explaining how rocks form and how landscapes change over time"},"needs":[],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"types-of-sentences","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Types of Sentences"},"summary":{"en":"Choose among and construct simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences to signal different relationships among ideas, varying sentence patterns deliberately for meaning, interest, and style"},"needs":[{"concept":"phrases-and-clauses","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"relative-clauses","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"types-of-teeth","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Types of Teeth"},"summary":{"en":"Identify the different types of human teeth (incisors, canines, molars) and describe their functions in eating"},"needs":[{"concept":"herbivores-carnivores-and-omnivores","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"types-of-teeth-science","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"the-digestive-system","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"types-of-teeth-science","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Types of Teeth"},"summary":{"en":"Identify the four types of human teeth (incisors for cutting, canines for tearing, premolars and molars for grinding) and understand that tooth shape is linked to function, just as in other animals — herbivores have flat teeth, carnivores have sharp teeth"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-digestive-journey","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"types-of-weather","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Types of Weather"},"summary":{"en":"Identify and describe different types of weather — sunny, rainy, windy, snowy, cloudy, foggy, stormy — and describe what the weather is like today using simple vocabulary"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"understanding-angles","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Understanding angles"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise angles as a property of shape or a description of a turn"},"needs":[{"concept":"2-d-shapes-age-6","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"position-direction-and-movement","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"understanding-angles-age-10","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Understanding angles (age 10+)"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise angles where they meet at a point, are on a straight line, or are vertically opposite; find missing angles using these properties"},"needs":[{"concept":"measuring-angles-age-9","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"types-of-angles-age-8","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"angle-sum-rules","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"understanding-angles-age-11","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Understanding angles (age 11+)"},"summary":{"en":"Apply the properties of angles at a point (360°), on a straight line (180°), and vertically opposite angles to find unknown angles in multi-step problems"},"needs":[{"concept":"angle-sum-rules","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"understanding-angles-age-10","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"understanding-angles-age-12","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Understanding angles (age 12+)"},"summary":{"en":"Use ruler and compasses to perform standard constructions: perpendicular bisector of a line segment, perpendicular to a line from or at a given point, and bisecting an angle"},"needs":[{"concept":"measuring-angles-age-11","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"understanding-angles-age-8","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Understanding angles (age 8+)"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that shapes in different categories may share attributes defining a larger category; classify quadrilaterals (rhombuses, rectangles, squares) and draw examples of quadrilaterals not in those subcategories"},"needs":[{"concept":"2-d-shapes-age-6","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"angles-in-triangles-age-7","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"understanding-angles-age-8-maths","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Understanding angles (age 8+)"},"summary":{"en":"Multiply side lengths to find areas of rectangles and represent whole-number products as rectangular areas"},"needs":[{"concept":"area-by-tiling","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"understanding-angles-age-9","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Understanding angles (age 9+)"},"summary":{"en":"Use the properties of rectangles to deduce related facts and find missing lengths and angles"},"needs":[{"concept":"estimating-answers-age-9","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"understanding-angles-age-8","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"understanding-area","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Understanding Area"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that a unit square has one square unit of area and that the area of a plane figure is the number of unit squares that cover it without gaps or overlaps"},"needs":[{"concept":"measuring-length-age-7","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"understanding-bullying","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Understanding Bullying"},"summary":{"en":"Understand what bullying is — repeated behaviour intended to hurt someone, including physical, verbal, social (exclusion, spreading rumours), and cyberbullying — and know that it is always wrong and what to do if they experience or witness it"},"needs":[{"concept":"seeing-someone-else-s-point-of-view","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"vocabulary-ethics-and-citizenship","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"right-and-wrong-choices","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"understanding-drama-and-performance","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Understanding drama and performance"},"summary":{"en":"Understand how dramatists communicate meaning through performance — including staging, direction, set design, lighting, and actors' choices — and how different productions can interpret the same script differently"},"needs":[{"concept":"plot-structure-and-character-development","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"narrative-perspective-and-unreliable-narrators","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"understanding-fractions","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Understanding fractions"},"summary":{"en":"Make a line plot to display a data set of measurements in fractions of a unit (1/2, 1/4, 1/8); use operations on fractions to solve problems involving data in line plots (e.g. redistribute total equally)"},"needs":[{"concept":"adding-fractions-unlike-denominators","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"measurement-line-plots","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"understanding-fractions-2","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Understanding fractions"},"summary":{"en":"Move fluently between real-world situations, diagrams, and symbolic equations involving three-digit numbers and fractions, explaining what each part represents"},"needs":[{"concept":"numbers-on-a-number-line","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"connecting-representations","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"fractions-on-a-number-line","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"understanding-fractions-3","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Understanding fractions"},"summary":{"en":"Solve problems involving scaling by simple fractions and problems involving simple rates"},"needs":[{"concept":"fractions-of-amounts-harder","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"multiplicative-comparison","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"understanding-fractions-4","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Understanding fractions"},"summary":{"en":"Solve problems involving unequal sharing and grouping using knowledge of fractions and multiples"},"needs":[{"concept":"simplifying-fractions","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"bar-models-for-ratios","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"percentages-age-9","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"ratio-problems","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"understanding-fractions-age-10","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Understanding fractions (age 10+)"},"summary":{"en":"Move fluently between real-world situations, diagrams, coordinate grids, algebraic expressions, tables, and symbolic equations involving fractions, ratio, and algebra, explaining connections between representations"},"needs":[{"concept":"line-graphs-age-10","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"fractions-on-a-number-line-age-9","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"number-pattern-relationships","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"understanding-fractions-age-7","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Understanding fractions (age 7+)"},"summary":{"en":"Communicate with mathematical precision: use correct place-value and fraction vocabulary, specify units in measurement answers, and use notation accurately"},"needs":[{"concept":"calculating-with-measurements","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"simple-fraction-sums","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"grammar-terms-clauses-and-conjunctions","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"precise-maths-communication","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"understanding-fractions-age-9","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Understanding fractions (age 9+)"},"summary":{"en":"Understand a fraction a/b with a > 1 as a sum of fractions 1/b (e.g. 3/5 = 1/5 + 1/5 + 1/5)"},"needs":[{"concept":"fractions-of-a-whole","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"understanding-fractions-age-9-maths","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Understanding fractions (age 9+)"},"summary":{"en":"Construct and present logical mathematical arguments involving multiple steps; critique others' reasoning about fractions, angles, or calculations and clearly explain errors or alternative methods"},"needs":[{"concept":"measuring-angles-age-9","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"justifying-mathematical-reasoning-age-8","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"comparing-fractions-age-9","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"learning-from-mistakes","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"understanding-fractions-maths","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Understanding fractions"},"summary":{"en":"Write simple fractions (e.g. 1/2 of 6 = 3) and recognise the equivalence of 2/4 and 1/2"},"needs":[{"concept":"reading-and-symbols","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"fractions-of-amounts","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"fraction-notation","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"understanding-people-in-their-own-time","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Understanding People in Their Own Time"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that people in the past saw the world very differently from us — judge their actions by the context they lived in, not only by today's values"},"needs":[{"concept":"different-accounts-of-the-same-event","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"connecting-new-and-old-ideas","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"vocabulary-historical-thinking","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"understanding-percentages","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Understanding Percentages"},"summary":{"en":"Understand the per cent symbol (%); know that per cent means ‘number of parts per hundred’; write percentages as a fraction with denominator 100 and as a decimal"},"needs":[{"concept":"decimals-for-tenths-and-hundredths","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"decimal-and-percent-notation","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"understanding-print","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Understanding print"},"summary":{"en":"Demonstrate understanding that print carries meaning, follows left-to-right top-to-bottom directionality, and is organised page by page in books"},"needs":[],"ages":[4,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"understanding-why","subject":"learning-to-learn","names":{"en":"Understanding Why"},"summary":{"en":"Go beyond knowing *that* something is true — ask *why* it is true and *how* it works"},"needs":[{"concept":"teaching-it-back","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"unit-conversions","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Unit Conversions"},"summary":{"en":"Convert freely between related standard units of measurement (time, length, area, volume/capacity, mass) using decimal notation to up to three decimal places where appropriate"},"needs":[{"concept":"decimal-place-value-maths","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"proportional-reasoning-vocabulary","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"unit-fractions","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Unit fractions"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise, find, and write fractions of a discrete set of objects: unit fractions and non-unit fractions with small denominators"},"needs":[{"concept":"fractions-of-amounts","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"division-as-equal-sharing","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"universal-gravitation","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Universal Gravitation"},"summary":{"en":"Describe gravity as a universal attractive force between all masses, explain that orbital motion arises because gravity provides the centripetal force keeping objects in orbit, and compare gravitational field strengths on different planets"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-solar-system-age-11","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"mass-vs-weight","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"unknown-in-addition-and-subtraction","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Unknown in Addition & Subtraction"},"summary":{"en":"Determine the unknown whole number in an addition or subtraction equation relating three whole numbers"},"needs":[{"concept":"inverse-addition-undoes-subtraction","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"what-the-equals-sign-means","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"unknown-in-multiplication-and-division","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Unknown in Multiplication & Division"},"summary":{"en":"Determine the unknown whole number in a multiplication or division equation relating three whole numbers (e.g. 8 × ? = 48, ? × 6 = 42)"},"needs":[{"concept":"division-as-unknown-factor","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"upper-and-lower-egypt","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Upper and Lower Egypt"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that ancient Egypt was divided into Upper Egypt (the narrow river valley in the south) and Lower Egypt (the wide delta in the north), that the two lands were united under one pharaoh, and that Egyptians managed the Nile's water through irrigation canals and shadufs to grow crops year-round"},"needs":[{"concept":"egypt-the-nile-and-the-desert","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"habitats-and-basic-needs","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"everyday-life-in-ancient-egypt","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"vocabulary-ancient-egypt","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"using-a-dictionary-to-check-spellings","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Using a Dictionary to Check Spellings"},"summary":{"en":"Use the first two or three letters of a word to check its spelling in a dictionary; consult reference materials including beginning dictionaries to verify and correct spellings"},"needs":[{"concept":"knowing-all-letters","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"non-fiction-text-features","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"using-a-microscope","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Using a Microscope"},"summary":{"en":"Use a light microscope correctly to prepare, focus, and examine biological specimens, including making accurate labelled drawings at an appropriate magnification"},"needs":[{"concept":"cells-under-the-microscope","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"using-a-thesaurus-to-choose-words","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Using a Thesaurus to Choose Words"},"summary":{"en":"Use a thesaurus to find synonyms and extend vocabulary choices, selecting the most appropriate word based on context, connotation, and register"},"needs":[{"concept":"using-a-dictionary-to-check-spellings","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"antonyms-and-synonyms","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"using-and-evaluating-textual-evidence","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Using and Evaluating Textual Evidence"},"summary":{"en":"Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of what a text says explicitly and what can be inferred, distinguishing between strong and weak evidence and explaining how the evidence supports a point"},"needs":[{"concept":"justifying-views-about-texts","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"inferring-characters-feelings-and-motives","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"using-evidence-to-answer-questions","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Using evidence to answer questions"},"summary":{"en":"Identify differences, similarities, or changes related to scientific ideas and use straightforward scientific evidence to answer questions or support findings"},"needs":[{"concept":"drawing-conclusions-from-evidence","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"reading-between-the-lines","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"could-there-be-another-explanation","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"spotting-patterns","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"using-inverse-operations","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Using inverse operations"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise and use relationships between operations including inverse operations; use these relationships to check answers and simplify calculations"},"needs":[{"concept":"order-of-operations","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"multi-step-problems-choosing-operations","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"using-mathematical-structure","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Using Mathematical Structure"},"summary":{"en":"Look for and use mathematical structure: exploit place-value patterns for ×10/×100, use the distributive property to break apart multiplications, apply fraction equivalence to compare and compute, use shape properties to classify quadrilaterals"},"needs":[{"concept":"shape-patterns-age-7","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"dividing-by-10-and-100","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"spotting-patterns","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"understanding-angles-age-8","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"using-multiple-sources","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Using Multiple Sources"},"summary":{"en":"Draw on information from multiple print or digital sources, demonstrating the ability to locate an answer to a question quickly or solve a problem efficiently"},"needs":[{"concept":"reading-tables","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"non-fiction-text-features","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"using-new-vocabulary","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Using New Vocabulary"},"summary":{"en":"Use words and phrases acquired through conversations, being read to, and responding to texts in own speech and writing"},"needs":[{"concept":"discussing-and-questioning-new-words","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"using-objects-to-model-real-problems","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Using objects to model real problems"},"summary":{"en":"Use objects, drawings, or simple number sentences to represent a real-world situation (early mathematical modelling)"},"needs":[{"concept":"sorting-into-categories","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"addition-and-subtraction-word-problems","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"using-simple-formulae","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Using Simple Formulae"},"summary":{"en":"Use simple formulae expressed in words or symbols to calculate values (e.g. perimeter = 2 × (length + width))"},"needs":[{"concept":"writing-number-sentences","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"order-of-operations","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"using-weather-instruments","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Using Weather Instruments"},"summary":{"en":"Use weather instruments to measure and record weather data: thermometers for temperature in °C, rain gauges for rainfall, wind vanes for direction, and anemometers for wind speed — and keep a weather diary over time"},"needs":[{"concept":"local-weather-patterns","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"what-is-wind","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"types-of-weather","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"temperature-and-thermometers","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"variation-and-survival-advantage","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Variation & Survival Advantage"},"summary":{"en":"Use evidence to explain how variations in characteristics among individuals of the same species may provide advantages in surviving, finding mates, and reproducing"},"needs":[{"concept":"inherited-characteristics","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"habitats-and-basic-needs","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"inheritance-vocabulary","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"variation-in-species","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Variation in Species"},"summary":{"en":"Explain variation within and between species, distinguishing between continuous variation (e.g. height) and discontinuous variation (e.g. blood group), and between genetic and environmental causes"},"needs":[{"concept":"chromosomes-genes-and-dna","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"grouping-living-things","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"varying-sentence-structure","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Varying Sentence Structure"},"summary":{"en":"Expand, combine, and reduce sentences for meaning, reader interest, and style, using techniques such as embedding clauses, using appositives, and varying sentence length"},"needs":[{"concept":"subordinate-clauses","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"relative-clauses","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"venn-diagrams-and-counting-outcomes","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Venn Diagrams and Counting Outcomes"},"summary":{"en":"Construct and interpret Venn diagrams with two or three sets to organise and count outcomes; use systematic listing and the product rule for counting to enumerate all possible outcomes of combined events"},"needs":[{"concept":"sets-and-venn-diagrams","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"verb-prefixes-and-meaning","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Verb Prefixes and Meaning"},"summary":{"en":"Use verb prefixes (dis-, de-, mis-, over-, re-) to change verb meaning, understanding how each prefix modifies the action expressed by the root verb"},"needs":[{"concept":"prefixes-age-7","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"verb-voice-and-mood","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Verb Voice and Mood"},"summary":{"en":"Understand and use active and passive voice deliberately, and recognise verb moods (indicative, imperative, subjunctive, conditional) and their effects — choosing the appropriate voice and mood for purpose and audience"},"needs":[{"concept":"active-and-passive-voice","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"the-subjunctive-mood","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"vibrations-and-sound","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Vibrations & Sound"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that vibrating materials can make sound, and that sound can make materials vibrate"},"needs":[{"concept":"light-and-sound-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"communication-with-light-and-sound","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"vikings-vs-anglo-saxons","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Vikings vs Anglo-Saxons"},"summary":{"en":"The conflict between Vikings and Anglo-Saxons for control of England: Viking raids, Alfred the Great's resistance, the Danelaw, Athelstan as first king of all England, Edward the Confessor"},"needs":[{"concept":"anglo-saxon-britain","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"the-vikings","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"village-life","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Village Life"},"summary":{"en":"Daily life for ordinary people in a medieval village: thatched houses, farming, baking bread, fetching water; how different life was from today"},"needs":[{"concept":"what-is-a-castle","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"vivid-word-choices","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Vivid Word Choices"},"summary":{"en":"Choose precise and vivid words and phrases to create specific effects in writing"},"needs":[{"concept":"writing-craft-vocabulary","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"formal-and-informal-english","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"rehearsing-and-varying-sentences","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"vocabulary-ancient-egypt","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Vocabulary: ancient egypt"},"summary":{"en":"Know and use the key vocabulary of ancient Egypt — pharaoh, pyramid, tomb, mummy/mummification, hieroglyphs, papyrus, sarcophagus, canopic jar, natron, archaeologist, artefact, Nile, delta, irrigation, shaduf, scribe, vizier, obelisk, sphinx, cartouche — and apply these terms accurately when describing Egyptian society, religion, and material culture"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"vocabulary-ethics-and-citizenship","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Vocabulary: ethics and citizenship"},"summary":{"en":"Know and use the vocabulary of ethics and citizenship — bullying, cyberbullying, bystander, upstander, peer pressure, digital citizenship, rights, responsibility, and ethical — and understand the distinctions between these closely related terms"},"needs":[],"ages":[7,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"vocabulary-historical-thinking","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Vocabulary: historical thinking"},"summary":{"en":"Know and use the vocabulary of historical thinking — source, evidence, primary source, secondary source, artefact, chronology, chronological order, BC/BCE, AD/CE, century, decade, era, period, timeline, excavation, archaeologist, interpretation, corroborate, bias, perspective — and apply these terms when discussing how we know about the past and how reliable our knowledge is"},"needs":[{"concept":"domain-vocabulary-across-subject-areas","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[6,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"vocabulary-making-decisions-and-keeping-safe","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Vocabulary: making decisions and keeping safe"},"summary":{"en":"Know and use the vocabulary of making decisions and keeping safe — choice, consequence, rule, safe, fair, honest, trusted adult, and right and wrong — and understand that naming these ideas clearly helps make better choices"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"vocabulary-resilience-and-self","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Vocabulary: resilience and self"},"summary":{"en":"Know and use the vocabulary of resilience and self-management — including regulate, resilience, growth mindset, fixed mindset, self-talk, trigger, setback, persevere, and distress — and understand what each word means in practice"},"needs":[],"ages":[7,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"vocabulary-self","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Vocabulary: self"},"summary":{"en":"Know and use the vocabulary of self-reflection — self-awareness, reflect, pattern, trigger, assumption, impact, perspective, and notice — and understand that having precise words for these inner experiences makes them easier to understand and talk about"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"vocabulary-social-awareness","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Vocabulary: social awareness"},"summary":{"en":"Know and use the vocabulary of social awareness — including stereotype, prejudice, discrimination, equality, equity, bias, compassion, and fairness — and understand what distinguishes these closely related concepts"},"needs":[],"ages":[7,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"vocabulary-strategies","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Vocabulary Strategies"},"summary":{"en":"Determine the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases using a flexible range of strategies — including context clues, Greek and Latin affixes and roots, reference materials, and verification of inferred meaning"},"needs":[{"concept":"using-a-thesaurus-to-choose-words","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"spellings-from-greek-french-and-latin","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"vocabulary-understanding-others","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Vocabulary: understanding others"},"summary":{"en":"Know and use the key vocabulary for understanding others — empathy, perspective, kind, fair, community, similar, different, and care — and understand that these words describe real habits of thinking and feeling"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"vocabulary-working-with-others","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Vocabulary: working with others"},"summary":{"en":"Know and use the vocabulary of working with others — cooperate, share, take turns, team, listen, agree, disagree respectfully, and include — and understand that these words describe habits that friendships and group work depend on"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"voice-assistants-and-how-they-work","subject":"computing","names":{"en":"Voice Assistants and How They Work"},"summary":{"en":"What happens when you talk to Alexa, Siri, or Google Assistant; they listen, try to understand, look up answers; sometimes they get it wrong; they are tools, not alive"},"needs":[{"concept":"step-by-step-instructions","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"smart-versus-not-smart-devices","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"volcanoes-and-mass-extinctions","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Volcanoes & Mass Extinctions"},"summary":{"en":"Explain how large igneous provinces (LIPs) — massive outpourings of lava over millions of years — caused global warming and ocean acidification that drove mass extinctions; connect the Siberian Traps to the end-Permian extinction and the Deccan Traps to the end-Cretaceous event; explore how hydrothermal vents on the early Earth may have been the cradle of life; understand volcanoes as both destroyers and creators in the history of life"},"needs":[{"concept":"hazard-assessment-and-evacuation","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"the-rock-cycle-science","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[13,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"volume-and-vibrations","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Volume & Vibrations"},"summary":{"en":"Find patterns between the volume of a sound and the strength of the vibrations that produced it"},"needs":[{"concept":"vibrations-and-sound","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"light-and-sound-vocabulary","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"volume-as-additive","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Volume as additive"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise volume as additive; find volumes of composite solid figures made of two or more non-overlapping right rectangular prisms"},"needs":[{"concept":"addition-and-subtraction-strategies-age-10","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"estimating-answers-age-10","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"vowel-digraphs","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Vowel Digraphs"},"summary":{"en":"Read and spell words containing common vowel digraphs (ai, ay, ee, ea, oa, oe, oo, oi, oy) including where a digraph can represent more than one sound"},"needs":[{"concept":"single-letter-sounds","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[4,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"water-transport-in-plants","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Water Transport in Plants"},"summary":{"en":"Investigate how water is transported within plants, using observations such as coloured water being drawn up through a stem"},"needs":[{"concept":"how-plant-parts-work","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"wave-behaviour-vocabulary","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Wave Behaviour Vocabulary"},"summary":{"en":"Use technical vocabulary for wave behaviour — refraction, absorption, reflection, scattering, amplitude, frequency, wavelength, echo, spectrum, angle of incidence, angle of reflection — and apply these when explaining how light and sound travel and interact with different materials"},"needs":[],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"wave-properties-and-types","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Wave Properties & Types"},"summary":{"en":"Describe waves in terms of amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and wave speed; distinguish transverse waves (oscillation perpendicular to direction of travel) from longitudinal waves (oscillation parallel); and use the wave equation v = fλ"},"needs":[{"concept":"waves-and-how-they-move","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"wave-behaviour-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"vibrations-and-sound","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"waves-and-different-materials","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Waves & Different Materials"},"summary":{"en":"Explain how waves can be absorbed, transmitted, or reflected by different materials, and apply these interactions to explain colour perception, sight, communication technologies, and the effects of different surfaces on wave behaviour"},"needs":[{"concept":"wave-properties-and-types","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"the-electromagnetic-spectrum","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[12,13],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"waves-and-how-they-move","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Waves & How They Move"},"summary":{"en":"Develop a model of waves to describe patterns in terms of amplitude and wavelength, and understand that waves can cause objects to move"},"needs":[{"concept":"volume-and-vibrations","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"wave-behaviour-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"sound-travels-through-materials","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"ways-to-pay","subject":"life-skills","names":{"en":"Ways to Pay"},"summary":{"en":"Different ways to pay: cash, debit cards, contactless, online payments, mobile payments; that digital payments still use real money; keeping payment details safe"},"needs":[{"concept":"looking-after-money","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"buying-things","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"weather-forecasting","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Weather Forecasting"},"summary":{"en":"Know that meteorologists are scientists who study and forecast the weather using satellites, radar, weather balloons, and computer models, and that weather forecasts help people plan their activities and prepare for dangerous weather"},"needs":[{"concept":"cloud-types","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"using-weather-instruments","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"weather-forecasting-and-safety","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"weather-forecasting-and-safety","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Weather Forecasting & Safety"},"summary":{"en":"Ask questions to obtain information about the purpose of weather forecasting and how people prepare for and respond to severe weather"},"needs":[{"concept":"seasonal-changes","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"weather-resistant-engineering","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Weather-Resistant Engineering"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that engineers design buildings, flood defences, and warning systems to protect communities from extreme weather — hurricane-resistant roofs, flood barriers, tornado shelters, and early-warning alert systems — and evaluate the merits of these solutions"},"needs":[{"concept":"extreme-weather-events","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"designing-for-weather-hazards","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"sun-driven-weather-systems","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"weather-vs-climate","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Weather vs climate"},"summary":{"en":"Obtain and combine information to describe climates in different regions of the world, distinguishing between weather and climate"},"needs":[{"concept":"weather-vs-climate-science","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"seasonal-changes-age-8","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"evaporation-and-condensation","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"weather-vs-climate-science","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Weather vs Climate"},"summary":{"en":"Distinguish between weather and climate: weather is what the atmosphere is doing right now or today (it can change hour to hour), while climate is the typical pattern of weather in a place over many years"},"needs":[{"concept":"seasons-and-weather-patterns","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"geography-and-local-weather","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"types-of-weather","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"whales-and-dolphins-are-mammals","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Whales & Dolphins Are Mammals"},"summary":{"en":"Know that whales and dolphins are mammals, not fish — they breathe air, are warm-blooded, and feed their babies milk — even though they live in the ocean"},"needs":[{"concept":"ocean-animal-variety","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"what-astronauts-do","subject":"science","names":{"en":"What Astronauts Do"},"summary":{"en":"Know that astronauts are people who travel to space in rockets, that humans have walked on the Moon (Apollo missions), and that astronauts today live and work on the International Space Station"},"needs":[{"concept":"our-solar-system","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"what-causes-wind","subject":"science","names":{"en":"What Causes Wind"},"summary":{"en":"Understand what causes wind: the Sun heats the Earth's surface unevenly, warm air rises because it is lighter, and cooler air rushes in to take its place — this movement of air is wind"},"needs":[{"concept":"what-is-wind","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"what-division-means","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"What Division Means"},"summary":{"en":"Interpret whole-number quotients (e.g. 56 ÷ 8 as the number of objects in each share or the number of equal groups)"},"needs":[{"concept":"division-as-equal-sharing","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"what-happens-when-things-collide","subject":"science","names":{"en":"What happens when things collide"},"summary":{"en":"Ask questions and predict outcomes about the changes in energy that occur when objects collide"},"needs":[{"concept":"speed-and-energy","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"what-is-a-castle","subject":"history","names":{"en":"What Is a Castle?"},"summary":{"en":"What a castle is: a fortified building used as both a home and a defence; key parts including towers, moat, drawbridge, and thick walls; why castles were built"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"what-is-a-half","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"What Is a Half?"},"summary":{"en":"Recognise, find, and name a half as one of two equal parts of an object, shape, or quantity"},"needs":[{"concept":"division-as-equal-sharing","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"what-is-a-minibeast","subject":"science","names":{"en":"What is a minibeast?"},"summary":{"en":"What is a minibeast? Small creatures without backbones, found in gardens, parks, and woodland. Bug hunts — searching under logs, stones, and leaves using magnifying glasses to observe minibeasts up close."},"needs":[],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"what-is-a-rainforest","subject":"science","names":{"en":"What Is a Rainforest?"},"summary":{"en":"Know that a rainforest is a thick, tall forest found in hot, wet places near the Equator where it rains almost every day, creating a warm, damp environment where plants and animals thrive"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"what-is-a-volcano","subject":"science","names":{"en":"What Is a Volcano"},"summary":{"en":"Know what a volcano is: an opening in Earth's surface where hot melted rock (lava) comes out"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"what-is-an-angle","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"What Is an Angle?"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that an angle is a geometric shape formed by two rays sharing a common endpoint (vertex); recognise angles in real-life contexts and 2-D shapes"},"needs":[{"concept":"types-of-angles","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"right-angles-and-turns","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"what-is-an-earthquake","subject":"science","names":{"en":"What Is an Earthquake"},"summary":{"en":"Know what an earthquake is: a sudden shaking of the ground that can be strong or weak"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"what-is-the-ocean","subject":"science","names":{"en":"What Is the Ocean?"},"summary":{"en":"Know that oceans are huge bodies of salt water that cover most of Earth's surface, and that the ocean is home to an enormous number of living things"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"what-is-wind","subject":"science","names":{"en":"What Is Wind?"},"summary":{"en":"Know that wind is moving air, that it can be gentle (a breeze) or very strong (a gale), and that wind can move things like leaves, kites, flags, and even push people"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"what-living-things-need","subject":"science","names":{"en":"What Living Things Need"},"summary":{"en":"Understand what plants and animals (including humans) need to survive: water, food, air, and suitable conditions"},"needs":[{"concept":"common-plants-and-trees","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"living-things-vocabulary","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"naming-common-animals","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"what-money-is","subject":"life-skills","names":{"en":"What Money Is"},"summary":{"en":"What money is and why we use it; that money is exchanged for goods and services; brief history from barter to coins to digital payments"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"what-multiplication-means","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"What Multiplication Means"},"summary":{"en":"Interpret products of whole numbers (e.g. 5 × 7 as the total number of objects in 5 groups of 7)"},"needs":[{"concept":"arrays-for-multiplication-age-7","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"multiplication-as-repeated-addition","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"what-ocean-animals-need","subject":"science","names":{"en":"What Ocean Animals Need"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that ocean animals need food, shelter, and the right conditions to survive — just like land animals — and that different parts of the ocean provide for different animals' needs"},"needs":[{"concept":"what-is-the-ocean","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"what-plants-need-to-grow","subject":"science","names":{"en":"What Plants Need to Grow"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that plants need water, light, and a suitable temperature to grow and stay healthy"},"needs":[{"concept":"what-living-things-need","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"what-plants-need-to-thrive","subject":"science","names":{"en":"What Plants Need to Thrive"},"summary":{"en":"Explore and compare the requirements of plants for life and growth: air, light, water, nutrients from soil, and room to grow"},"needs":[{"concept":"what-plants-need-to-grow","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"what-the-equals-sign-means","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"What the equals sign means"},"summary":{"en":"Understand the meaning of the equal sign as 'is the same as' and determine if equations are true or false"},"needs":[{"concept":"reading-and-symbols","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"what-uses-electricity-at-home","subject":"science","names":{"en":"What uses electricity at home"},"summary":{"en":"Identify common appliances that run on electricity and understand that electricity is a form of energy that powers devices in everyday life"},"needs":[],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"where-are-the-poles","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Where Are the Poles?"},"summary":{"en":"Know that Earth has a North Pole and a South Pole — the two coldest places on the planet — and be able to find them on a globe, understanding that they are at the very top and very bottom of the Earth, as far from the Equator as possible"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"where-elements-come-from","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Where Elements Come From"},"summary":{"en":"Explain stellar nucleosynthesis: the Big Bang produced mainly hydrogen and helium; main-sequence fusion builds elements up to iron; and supernovae produce elements heavier than iron and scatter them into space — meaning the atoms in our bodies were forged in ancient stars"},"needs":[{"concept":"life-cycle-of-stars","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"atoms-elements-and-compounds","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"where-rainforests-are","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Where Rainforests Are"},"summary":{"en":"Know that rainforests are found in a belt around the middle of the Earth — in South America (the Amazon), Central Africa (the Congo), and Southeast Asia — and that they appear on every continent except Antarctica and Europe"},"needs":[{"concept":"what-is-a-rainforest","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"where-water-is-found-on-earth","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Where water is found on Earth"},"summary":{"en":"Identify where water is found on Earth and understand that water can exist as solid (ice) or liquid, recognising water in oceans, rivers, glaciers, and underground"},"needs":[{"concept":"shapes-of-land-and-water","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"heating-and-cooling-changes","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"white-light-and-colour","subject":"science","names":{"en":"White Light & Colour"},"summary":{"en":"Explain that white light is a mixture of all visible colours (ROYGBIV), describe dispersion through a prism, explain why objects appear coloured (selective reflection and absorption of wavelengths), and describe colour mixing with filters"},"needs":[{"concept":"how-we-see-objects","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"reflection-and-refraction","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"who-is-a-customer","subject":"life-skills","names":{"en":"Who Is a Customer?"},"summary":{"en":"Understanding that a customer is someone who buys what you make or do; thinking about what customers want and need; the idea that businesses serve people"},"needs":[{"concept":"making-something-to-sell","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"buyers-and-sellers","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"who-really-built-the-pyramids","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Who Really Built the Pyramids"},"summary":{"en":"Analyse who built the pyramids and why, evaluating the evidence against the alien-builder myth and the slave-labour myth: archaeological evidence from worker villages at Giza shows a paid, skilled, well-fed workforce; discuss the social functions of monument building as a form of state organisation, religious duty, and employment; and assess the current controversy over newly discovered construction ramps and logistics"},"needs":[{"concept":"building-the-pyramids","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"evidence-versus-interpretation","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"persuasive-writing","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"checking-sources-against-each-other","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[12,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"why-circuit-components-behave-differently","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Why circuit components behave differently"},"summary":{"en":"Compare and give reasons for variations in how circuit components function, including brightness of bulbs, loudness of buzzers, and switch positions"},"needs":[{"concept":"circuit-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"more-batteries-brighter-bulb","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"why-earthquakes-happen","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Why Earthquakes Happen"},"summary":{"en":"Understand that earthquakes happen when rocks underground suddenly move or break, releasing energy that shakes the ground"},"needs":[{"concept":"what-is-an-earthquake","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"why-polar-seasons-are-extreme","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Why Polar Seasons Are Extreme"},"summary":{"en":"Understand why the poles have extreme seasons — Earth's axis is tilted at about 23.5°, so as it orbits the Sun, each pole spends half the year tilted toward the Sun (continuous daylight, warmer summer) and half tilted away (continuous darkness, bitter winter); this tilt also drives the annual cycle of sea ice expanding in winter and retreating in summer, and triggers animal behaviours like migration and breeding"},"needs":[{"concept":"midnight-sun-and-polar-night","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"ice-and-states-of-matter","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"why-seasons-change","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Why seasons change"},"summary":{"en":"Make observations at different times of year to relate the amount of daylight to the time of year, noticing longer days in summer and shorter days in winter"},"needs":[{"concept":"naming-the-planets","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"seasonal-changes","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"why-the-author-wrote-it","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Why the author wrote it"},"summary":{"en":"Distinguish one's own point of view from that of the author of an informational text and identify the author's purpose"},"needs":[{"concept":"book-features-and-author-s-reasons","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"why-the-sun-looks-brightest","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Why the Sun Looks Brightest"},"summary":{"en":"Explain why the Sun appears much brighter than other stars: it is the nearest star to Earth, not the biggest or brightest star in the universe — understanding the difference between apparent brightness (how bright something looks) and actual brightness"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-sun-is-a-star","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"why-we-have-seasons","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Why We Have Seasons"},"summary":{"en":"Explain that the seasons are caused by the tilt of Earth's axis during its orbit around the Sun, distinguishing this from the common misconception that seasons are caused by changing distance from the Sun"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-solar-system-age-11","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"earth-and-space-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"earth-s-rotation-and-day-night","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,12],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"wide-independent-reading-across-genres","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Wide Independent Reading Across Genres"},"summary":{"en":"Read widely and independently across fiction and non-fiction — including whole novels, short stories, plays, poetry, and non-fiction from different genres, periods, and cultures — building stamina, breadth, and personal taste as a reader"},"needs":[{"concept":"recommending-books","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"wild-farm-and-pet-animals","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Wild, Farm & Pet Animals"},"summary":{"en":"Understand the difference between wild animals, farm animals, and pets — wild animals find their own food and shelter in nature; farm animals are kept by people for food, wool, or eggs; pets are animals people keep for companionship — and know that wild animals should be observed from a distance"},"needs":[{"concept":"animals-everywhere","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"naming-common-animals","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"will-the-bulb-light-up","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Will the bulb light up?"},"summary":{"en":"Identify whether or not a lamp will light in a simple series circuit, based on whether the lamp is part of a complete loop with a battery"},"needs":[{"concept":"building-a-simple-circuit","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"women-in-the-middle-ages","subject":"history","names":{"en":"Women in the Middle Ages"},"summary":{"en":"The lives of medieval women: noblewomen managing estates, peasant women's hard daily work, nuns and abbesses, notable figures like Eleanor of Aquitaine and Joan of Arc"},"needs":[{"concept":"medieval-pyramid-of-power","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"the-medieval-church","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"word-families-and-root-words","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Word Families and Root Words"},"summary":{"en":"Explore word families based on common root words, understanding how words are related in form and meaning through shared roots, prefixes and suffixes (e.g., solve → solution, solver, dissolve, insoluble)"},"needs":[{"concept":"word-parts-as-clues","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"root-words-and-inflections","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"word-parts-as-clues","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Word Parts as Clues"},"summary":{"en":"Use knowledge of common inflections and affixes (-ed, -s, un-, -er) as clues to the meaning of unknown words; understand how the prefix un- changes meaning"},"needs":[{"concept":"discussing-and-questioning-new-words","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"words-for-big-feelings","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Words for Big Feelings"},"summary":{"en":"Know and use the key words for managing big feelings — calm, strategy, cope, settle, patience, overwhelmed, and breathe — and understand that having words for these ideas is the first step to using them"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"working-well-in-a-group","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Working Well in a Group"},"summary":{"en":"Work effectively as part of a small group — contributing their own ideas, listening to others' ideas, taking on a fair share of the work, and supporting the group to reach a shared goal"},"needs":[{"concept":"communication-vocabulary","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"taking-turns-and-sharing","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"listening-and-responding","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"group-discussions","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"listening-to-others","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"working-with-large-numbers","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Working with Large Numbers"},"summary":{"en":"Solve number and practical problems involving reading, writing, ordering, comparing, and rounding whole numbers up to 1,000,000"},"needs":[{"concept":"rounding-large-numbers","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"reading-and-writing-numbers-age-9","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[9,10],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"working-with-money","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Working with money"},"summary":{"en":"Model real-world problems involving measurement, money, and time by choosing appropriate representations and interpreting results in context"},"needs":[{"concept":"addition-and-subtraction-word-problems-2","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"connecting-maths-to-real-life","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"measuring-and-plotting-lengths","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"writing-a-precis","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Writing a Précis"},"summary":{"en":"Precis longer passages by summarising the main ideas and key information concisely while maintaining the essential meaning and removing non-essential detail"},"needs":[{"concept":"main-ideas-and-note-taking","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"writing-across-genres","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Writing Across Genres"},"summary":{"en":"Write for a range of purposes and audiences beyond narrative — including scripts, poetry, personal and formal letters, notes for talks, and other forms — selecting the appropriate form, register, and conventions for each"},"needs":[{"concept":"writing-character-and-dialogue","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"choosing-form-and-tone-for-your-audience","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"writing-algebraic-equations","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Writing Algebraic Equations"},"summary":{"en":"Express missing number problems algebraically using letters for unknowns; translate word problems into equations"},"needs":[{"concept":"writing-number-sentences","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"order-of-operations","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"writing-character-and-dialogue","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Writing Character & Dialogue"},"summary":{"en":"Write narratives that develop real or imagined experiences using effective technique — including establishing context and point of view, developing characters through dialogue, pacing, and description, using varied transitions, and providing a reflective conclusion"},"needs":[{"concept":"planning-narratives","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"cohesion-and-transitions-across-writing","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"narrative-writing","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"writing-craft-vocabulary","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Writing Craft Vocabulary"},"summary":{"en":"Know and use the vocabulary of writing craft and effect — form, structure, register, tone, voice, coherence, cohesion, argument, evidence, perspective, rhetoric, technique, formal, informal, and style — and understand that these words describe choices writers make intentionally to achieve a particular effect on the reader"},"needs":[],"ages":[8,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"writing-digits-0-9","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Writing digits 0-9"},"summary":{"en":"Form digits 0-9 correctly and legibly"},"needs":[{"concept":"sitting-and-holding-a-pencil","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[5,6],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"writing-for-an-audience","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Writing for an audience"},"summary":{"en":"Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development and organisation are appropriate to the task, purpose, and audience, maintaining a consistent style and structure throughout"},"needs":[{"concept":"writing-craft-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"planning-ideas-before-writing","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"organising-writing-into-paragraphs","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[9,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"writing-number-sentences","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Writing Number Sentences"},"summary":{"en":"Write simple numerical expressions that record calculations with numbers, and interpret numerical expressions without evaluating them (e.g. recognise that 3 × (18932 + 921) is three times as large as 18932 + 921)"},"needs":[{"concept":"brackets-in-expressions","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[10,11],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"writing-opinions","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Writing opinions"},"summary":{"en":"Compose opinion pieces using drawing, dictating, or writing that name a topic or book and state a preference or opinion about it"},"needs":[{"concept":"writing-process-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"saying-sentences-before-writing-them","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"writing-poetry","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Writing Poetry"},"summary":{"en":"Write poetry, exploring patterns of language, rhyme and rhythm, and learning poems by heart for recitation with appropriate intonation"},"needs":[{"concept":"rhyming-words","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"expressive-and-sensory-language","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"writing-process-vocabulary","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"saying-sentences-before-writing-them","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"reciting-poetry","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[6,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"writing-process-vocabulary","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Writing Process Vocabulary"},"summary":{"en":"Know and use the vocabulary of the writing process — compose, plan, draft, revise, edit, proofread, genre, audience, purpose, narrative, recount, instruction, paragraph, sequence, and detail — and understand that these words describe distinct steps and decisions that all writers make, not just tasks to tick off"},"needs":[],"ages":[5,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"writing-science-reports","subject":"science","names":{"en":"Writing Science Reports"},"summary":{"en":"Communicate scientific findings in a structured report using appropriate scientific vocabulary, SI units, and standard notation; describe how peer review and replication contribute to the reliability of scientific knowledge"},"needs":[{"concept":"drawing-conclusions-from-evidence-age-12","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"controlling-variables-age-11","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"research-and-source-evaluation","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"developed-informational-and-explanatory-writing","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[13,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"writing-techniques-for-effect","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Writing Techniques for Effect"},"summary":{"en":"Apply growing knowledge of vocabulary, grammar, and text structure to writing — drawing on literary and rhetorical devices from reading (e.g., rhetorical questions, tricolon, anaphora, contrast) to enhance impact"},"needs":[{"concept":"writing-across-genres","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"figurative-language-and-literary-devices","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"vivid-word-choices","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[11,14],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"writing-to-inform","subject":"english","names":{"en":"Writing to inform"},"summary":{"en":"Compose informative or explanatory texts using drawing, dictating, or writing that name a topic and supply some information about it"},"needs":[{"concept":"writing-process-vocabulary","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"saying-sentences-before-writing-them","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[5,7],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"written-multiplication","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Written Multiplication"},"summary":{"en":"Multiply two-digit and three-digit numbers by a one-digit number using formal written layout"},"needs":[{"concept":"written-multiplication-and-division","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"all-times-tables-to-12-12","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"written-multiplication-and-division","subject":"maths","names":{"en":"Written Multiplication & Division"},"summary":{"en":"Write and calculate mathematical statements for multiplication and division using known tables, including two-digit × one-digit, using mental and progressing to formal written methods"},"needs":[{"concept":"the-three-digits-of-a-three-digit-number","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"times-tables-age-7","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"reading-and-symbols-maths","strength":"hard"}],"ages":[7,8],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"},{"id":"your-impact-on-others","subject":"personal-development","names":{"en":"Your Impact on Others"},"summary":{"en":"Reflect on how your behaviour lands on others — consider not just what you intended but what the actual impact was on the other person"},"needs":[{"concept":"teaching-it-back","strength":"soft"},{"concept":"vocabulary-self","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"patterns-in-your-own-reactions","strength":"hard"},{"concept":"feelings-versus-actions","strength":"soft"}],"ages":[8,9],"credit":"Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy"}]