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How to learn Grade 1: English language arts

Alabama academic standards: English language arts, Grade 1

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1. Literacy Foundations K-3 · Participate in shared research and writing projects to answer a question or describe a topic.

  1. Shared Research Projects: Participate in shared research and writing projects; recall information from experiences or gather information from sources to answer a question

2. Literacy Foundations K-3 · Follow the rules of standard English grammar, punctuation, capitalization, and spelling appropriate to grade level.

  1. Grammar words: letter, word, sentence: Use basic grammatical terminology when discussing reading and writing: letter, capital letter, word, singular, plural, sentence, punctuation, full stop, question mark, exclamation mark
  2. Starting and Ending Sentences: Begin sentences with a capital letter and end them with the appropriate mark (full stop, question mark, or exclamation mark); recognise and name end punctuation

3. Literacy Foundations K-3 · Apply knowledge of grade-appropriate phoneme-grapheme correspondences and spelling rules (or generalizations) to encode words accurately.

  1. Single Letter Sounds: Know the primary sound for each consonant and the short and long sounds for the five major vowels; respond speedily to single-letter graphemes
  2. Blending Sounds to Read Words: Apply phonic knowledge to blend sounds in unfamiliar words containing taught grapheme-phoneme correspondences; respond speedily to graphemes for all 40+ phonemes
  3. Prefixes and suffixes: Read words containing common prefixes and suffixes from the Y3-4 programme, applying knowledge of root words, prefixes and suffixes (morphology and etymology) to read aloud and understand new words
  4. Decoding unfamiliar words: Read Y3-4 exception words with unusual spelling-sound correspondences, applying growing knowledge of morphology and etymology to decode unfamiliar exception words
  5. R-Controlled Vowel Sounds: Read and spell words containing r-controlled vowels (ar, er, ir, ur, or, ore) and vowel-r patterns where 'r' modifies the vowel sound

4. Literacy Foundations K-3 · Write legibly, using proper pencil grip.

  1. Knowing all letters: Recognise and name all uppercase and lowercase letters of the alphabet; name the letters in order and use letter names to distinguish between alternative spellings
  2. Sitting and holding a pencil: Sit correctly at a table holding a pencil comfortably and correctly; form lower-case letters in the correct direction starting and finishing in the right place
  3. Forming Capital Letters: Form capital letters correctly; print many upper- and lowercase letters legibly

5. Literacy Foundations K-3 · Compare and contrast texts.

  1. Comparing Characters Across Stories: Compare and contrast the adventures and experiences of characters in familiar stories; identify similarities and differences between two texts on the same topic
  2. Connecting Ideas in Texts: Describe connections between events, ideas, or concepts in informational text using time, sequence, cause-and-effect, and comparison language, and identify logical connections between sentences and paragraphs

6. Literacy Foundations K-3 · Identify and describe the main story elements in a literary text.

  1. Characters, settings, and events: Identify characters, settings, and major events in stories; become familiar with key stories, fairy tales, and traditional tales and retell them with key details in sequence
  2. Retelling Stories with Structure: Retell stories including key details in sequence, describe characters, settings, and major events using evidence from the text, and describe the overall structure of a story (beginning, middle, ending)

7. Literacy Foundations K-3 · Ask and answer questions about unfamiliar words and phrases in discussions and/or text.

  1. Discussing and Questioning New Words: Ask and answer questions about unknown words in texts; discuss word meanings and link new vocabulary to words already known
  2. Word Parts as Clues: Use knowledge of common inflections and affixes (-ed, -s, un-, -er) as clues to the meaning of unknown words; understand how the prefix un- changes meaning

8. Literacy Foundations K-3 · Utilize new academic, content-specific, grade-level vocabulary, make connections to previously learned words, and relate new words to background knowledge.

  1. Using New Vocabulary: Use words and phrases acquired through conversations, being read to, and responding to texts in own speech and writing

9. Literacy Foundations K-3 · Read grade-appropriate texts with accuracy and fluency.

  1. Reading with Expression and Accuracy: Read aloud with accuracy, appropriate rate, and expression (prosody), re-reading familiar texts to build fluency and confidence, and using context to self-correct

10. Literacy Foundations K-3 · Apply knowledge of phoneme-grapheme correspondences and word analysis skills to decode and encode words accurately both in isolation and within decodable, grade-appropriate

  1. Reading Contractions: Read and understand contractions with apostrophes, knowing the apostrophe represents omitted letters
  2. Syllables (age 6+): Decode words of two or more syllables by breaking them into syllable chunks, applying knowledge that every syllable must contain a vowel sound, and blending the parts together
  3. Vowel Digraphs: Read and spell words containing common vowel digraphs (ai, ay, ee, ea, oa, oe, oo, oi, oy) including where a digraph can represent more than one sound
  4. Trigraphs: Read and spell words containing trigraphs — three-letter graphemes representing a single sound (igh, air, ear, are)
  5. Consonant Digraphs: Read and spell words containing consonant digraphs and less common consonant spellings (ch, sh, th, ck, tch, ng, ph, wh, k for /k/)

11. Literacy Foundations K-3 · Demonstrate basic to advanced phonological and phonemic awareness skills in spoken words.

  1. Rhyming words: Recognise and produce rhyming words; join in with predictable phrases and rhymes in stories and poems; learn to appreciate and recite poems by heart
  2. Syllables: Count, blend, and segment syllables in spoken words; divide written words into syllables as an aid to reading and spelling

12. Literacy Foundations K-3 · Locate a book's title, table of contents, glossary, and the names of author(s) and illustrator(s).

  1. Book Features and Author's Reasons: Identify front cover, back cover, and title page of a book; identify the reasons an author gives to support points in informational text

13. Literacy Foundations K-3 · Present information orally using complete sentences and appropriate volume.

  1. Describing Aloud: Describe familiar people, places, things, and events with detail; speak audibly and express thoughts, feelings, and ideas clearly; give well-structured descriptions and explanations

14. Writing

  1. Inferring Characters' Feelings and Motives: Draw inferences from independently-read texts, such as inferring characters' feelings, thoughts and motives from their actions, and justifying inferences with evidence from the text
  2. Structured Opinion Writing: Compose opinion pieces that introduce a topic, state a clear point of view, provide organised reasons linked with connecting words, and include a concluding statement or section
  3. Writing to inform: Compose informative or explanatory texts using drawing, dictating, or writing that name a topic and supply some information about it
  4. Basic Informational Writing: Compose informative or explanatory texts that introduce a topic, use facts and definitions to develop points, and provide a concluding statement or section
  5. Simple Stories with Beginning and Ending: Write simple narratives by sequencing sentences to describe events in order; narrate a single event or linked events with a beginning, middle, and ending or reaction
  6. Narrative Writing: Write narratives with developed settings, characters and plot, using dialogue and description to develop experiences and show character responses to situations

15. Comprehension

  1. Main Topic of Informational Texts: Identify the main topic and retell key details of informational texts; describe connections between individuals, events, ideas, or pieces of information
  2. Characters' Viewpoints and Responses: Identify and compare characters' points of view, recognise who is narrating a story, describe how characters respond to events and challenges, and compare characters' experiences across different stories or versions of the same story
  3. Reading between the lines: Ask and answer questions about key details in literary and informational texts; make simple inferences based on what characters say and do

16. Vocabulary

  1. Sorting & Categorising Words: Sort common objects and words into categories to understand how concepts relate; demonstrate understanding of opposites (antonyms) for common verbs and adjectives
  2. Domain Vocabulary Across Subject Areas: Acquire and use accurately academic and domain-specific vocabulary relevant to grade-level topics, including words that signal precise meaning in informational texts across subject areas

17. Fluency

  1. Reading High-Frequency Words by Sight: Read common high-frequency and exception words automatically by sight, including words with irregular spelling patterns
  2. Reading fluently: Read aloud books matched to phonic ability accurately and with growing fluency; reread familiar texts to build confidence, speed, and expression

18. Phonics

  1. Phonics Vocabulary: Know and use the vocabulary of phonics and word structure — phoneme, grapheme, GPC (grapheme-phoneme correspondence), blend, segment, digraph, CVC, vowel, consonant, syllable, root word, suffix, prefix, and homophone — and understand that these words describe the building blocks that phonics instruction is built on
  2. Segmenting words into sounds: Segment spoken words into phonemes and spell CVC and simple phonetically regular words by writing a letter or letters for each sound

19. Concept of Print

  1. Understanding print: Demonstrate understanding that print carries meaning, follows left-to-right top-to-bottom directionality, and is organised page by page in books

20. Oral Language

  1. Listening and responding: Listen and respond appropriately to adults and peers; follow agreed-upon rules for discussion such as listening to others and taking turns speaking
  2. Asking Questions: Ask relevant questions to extend understanding; ask and answer questions to seek help, get information, or clarify something not understood
  3. Discussing Texts as a Group: Participate in discussions about what is read, taking turns and listening to others; explain understanding clearly; actively engage in group reading activities