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How to learn Kindergarten: English language arts

Hawaii academic standards: English language arts, Kindergarten

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1. Language · With guidance and support from adults, explore word relationships and nuances in word meanings:

  1. Shades of Meaning: Distinguish shades of meaning among verbs describing similar actions and among adjectives differing in intensity; make real-life connections between words and their use
  2. Discussing and Questioning New Words: Ask and answer questions about unknown words in texts; discuss word meanings and link new vocabulary to words already known
  3. Sorting & Categorising Words: Sort common objects and words into categories to understand how concepts relate; demonstrate understanding of opposites (antonyms) for common verbs and adjectives

2. Language · Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on kindergarten reading and content:

  1. Word Parts as Clues: Use knowledge of common inflections and affixes (-ed, -s, un-, -er) as clues to the meaning of unknown words; understand how the prefix un- changes meaning

3. Language · Demonstrate command of the conventions of English grammar and usage when reading, writing, or speaking:

  1. Building sentences: Understand that words combine to make sentences — a sentence expresses a complete thought; produce and expand complete sentences in speech and writing
  2. Prepositions: Understand and use the most frequently occurring prepositions of location and direction (e.g. to, from, in, out, on, off, for, by, with)
  3. Question Words: Understand and use question words (who, what, where, when, why, how) to form and answer questions
  4. Regular Plural Nouns: Form and use regular plural nouns orally and in writing by adding -s or -es; understand that plural means more than one
  5. Basic Nouns & Verbs: Use frequently occurring nouns (people, places, things) and verbs (action words) appropriately in speech and writing

4. Speaking and Listening · Participate in collaborative conversations with diverse partners about kindergarten topics and texts with peers and adults in small and larger groups:

  1. Listening and responding: Listen and respond appropriately to adults and peers; follow agreed-upon rules for discussion such as listening to others and taking turns speaking
  2. Group discussions: Participate actively in collaborative conversations staying on topic; continue a conversation through multiple exchanges; maintain attention in discussions

5. Writing · Participate in shared research and writing projects (e.g., explore a number of books by a favorite author and express opinions about them):

  1. Shared Research Projects: Participate in shared research and writing projects; recall information from experiences or gather information from sources to answer a question

6. Writing Foundations · Know and apply phonics and word analysis skills when encoding words:

  1. Single Letter Sounds: Know the primary sound for each consonant and the short and long sounds for the five major vowels; respond speedily to single-letter graphemes
  2. Blending Sounds to Read Words: Apply phonic knowledge to blend sounds in unfamiliar words containing taught grapheme-phoneme correspondences; respond speedily to graphemes for all 40+ phonemes

7. Writing Foundations · Demonstrate and apply correct handwriting skills:

  1. Spaces Between Words: Separate words with spaces in writing; understand that spaces mark word boundaries in print
  2. Forming Capital Letters: Form capital letters correctly; print many upper- and lowercase letters legibly

8. Reading Literature · Describe story elements:

  1. Characters, settings, and events: Identify characters, settings, and major events in stories; become familiar with key stories, fairy tales, and traditional tales and retell them with key details in sequence
  2. Retelling Stories with Structure: Retell stories including key details in sequence, describe characters, settings, and major events using evidence from the text, and describe the overall structure of a story (beginning, middle, ending)

9. Reading Foundations · Demonstrate emergent fluency through:

  1. Reading fluently: Read aloud books matched to phonic ability accurately and with growing fluency; reread familiar texts to build confidence, speed, and expression

10. Reading Foundations · Demonstrate understanding of spoken words, syllables, and sounds (phonemes):

  1. Syllables: Count, blend, and segment syllables in spoken words; divide written words into syllables as an aid to reading and spelling
  2. Onsets & Rimes: Blend and segment onsets and rimes in single-syllable words; isolate and pronounce individual phonemes (initial, medial, final) in CVC words; add or substitute phonemes to make new words
  3. Rhyming words: Recognise and produce rhyming words; join in with predictable phrases and rhymes in stories and poems; learn to appreciate and recite poems by heart

11. Reading Foundations · Demonstrate understanding of the organization and basic features of print:

  1. Understanding print: Demonstrate understanding that print carries meaning, follows left-to-right top-to-bottom directionality, and is organised page by page in books
  2. Knowing all letters: Recognise and name all uppercase and lowercase letters of the alphabet; name the letters in order and use letter names to distinguish between alternative spellings