How to learn Grade 4: English language arts

Kentucky academic standards: English language arts, Grade 4

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1. Language · Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships and nuances in word meanings.

1. Figurative Language and Literary Devices: Determine the meaning of figurative and connotative language in context, analyse the impact of specific word choices on meaning and tone, and identify literary devices such as metaphor, simile, personification, allusion, and irony
2. Advanced Figurative Language: Understand and interpret figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meaning — including allusion, irony, pun, oxymoron, and extended metaphor — and distinguish between connotation and denotation when analysing or choosing words

2. Language · Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade 4 reading and content, choosing flexibly from an array of strategies.

1. Discussing and Questioning New Words: Ask and answer questions about unknown words in texts; discuss word meanings and link new vocabulary to words already known
2. Domain Vocabulary Across Subject Areas: Acquire and use accurately academic and domain-specific vocabulary relevant to grade-level topics, including words that signal precise meaning in informational texts across subject areas
3. Vocabulary Strategies: Determine the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases using a flexible range of strategies — including context clues, Greek and Latin affixes and roots, reference materials, and verification of inferred meaning

3. Language · Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading or listening.

1. Formal and Informal English: Recognise and compare formal and informal uses of English, understanding that language choices vary based on audience, purpose and context
2. Using New Vocabulary: Use words and phrases acquired through conversations, being read to, and responding to texts in own speech and writing

4. Language · When writing:

1. Using a Dictionary to Check Spellings: Use the first two or three letters of a word to check its spelling in a dictionary; consult reference materials including beginning dictionaries to verify and correct spellings
2. Commas Before Joining Words: Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, so, yet) when joining two independent clauses in a compound sentence
3. Punctuating Direct Speech: Punctuate direct speech using inverted commas (speech marks), understanding that direct speech records the exact words spoken and must be enclosed in punctuation marks

5. Language · When writing or speaking, demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and us-age.

1. Homophones (age 9+): Distinguish and correctly spell homophones and commonly confused words at Y5-6 level (e.g., affect/effect, practice/practise, advice/advise, complement/compliment, aisle/isle, led/lead), including confused words such as to/too/two and there/their/they're
2. Writing for an audience: Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development and organisation are appropriate to the task, purpose, and audience, maintaining a consistent style and structure throughout
3. Adjective Order in Sentences: Order adjectives within sentences according to conventional English patterns (opinion-size-age-shape-colour-origin-material-purpose) to produce natural-sounding descriptions
4. Past, Present and Progressive Tense: Use verbs to convey past and present tense correctly and consistently, including the progressive form (e.g., she is drumming, he was shouting), understanding how tense indicates time
5. Modal Verbs and Possibility: Understand and use modal verbs (can, may, must, might, shall, will, could, should, would) and modal adverbs (perhaps, surely, certainly) to indicate degrees of possibility, necessity, and permission

6. Composition · Compose narratives, using writing and digital resources, to develop real or imagined experiences or multiple events or ideas, using effective technique, descriptive details and clear seq

1. Narrative Writing: Write narratives with developed settings, characters and plot, using dialogue and description to develop experiences and show character responses to situations
2. Planning Narratives: Plan narrative writing by considering how authors have developed characters and settings, drawing on techniques observed in texts read, heard, or performed

7. Composition · Compose informative and/or explanatory texts, using writing and digital resources, to examine a topic and convey ideas and information clearly.

1. Basic Informational Writing: Compose informative or explanatory texts that introduce a topic, use facts and definitions to develop points, and provide a concluding statement or section
2. Developed Informational and Explanatory Writing: Write informative and explanatory texts that examine a topic and convey ideas clearly — organising information logically with headings and formatting, developing the topic with relevant facts, definitions, details, and quotations, and using precise vocabulary

8. Composition · Compose opinions, using writing and digital resources, on topics or texts, supporting an author's perspective with reasons and information.

1. Structured Opinion Writing: Compose opinion pieces that introduce a topic, state a clear point of view, provide organised reasons linked with connecting words, and include a concluding statement or section
2. Sharing and Publishing Your Writing: Read own writing aloud clearly enough to be heard by peers and the teacher; use digital tools to produce and publish writing

9. Reading Foundational Skills · Read fluently (accuracy, speed and prosody) on grade-level text to support comprehension.

1. Reading with Expression and Accuracy: Read aloud with accuracy, appropriate rate, and expression (prosody), re-reading familiar texts to build fluency and confidence, and using context to self-correct

10. Reading Foundational Skills · Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words.

1. Syllables (age 6+): Decode words of two or more syllables by breaking them into syllable chunks, applying knowledge that every syllable must contain a vowel sound, and blending the parts together