# High school: Science

A course roadmap (science). Language: en. By @si. Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0. 0 of 37 concepts ready. In the app: https://ai.page/roadmap/ok-sci-high-school

Part of: [Oklahoma: Science](https://ai.page/roadmap/ok-sci.md)

Goal: Oklahoma academic standards: Science, High school

## 1. Air Pollution Management

- [Earth's Atmosphere & CO2](https://ai.page/c/earth-s-atmosphere-and-co2/index.md): Describe the composition of Earth's atmosphere (mainly nitrogen and oxygen, with small amounts of CO₂ and other gases), explain how human activity increases CO₂, and describe the impact on global climate

## 2. Wildlife Ecology

- [The Biodiversity Crisis](https://ai.page/c/the-biodiversity-crisis/index.md): Quantify the current biodiversity crisis: extinction rates 100-1000x the background rate; explain methods for measuring biodiversity loss (species-area relationship, population viability analysis, IUCN Red List categories); evaluate rewilding case studies — Yellowstone wolf reintroduction triggering a trophic cascade that changed river courses; Iberian lynx recovery; describe minimum viable population theory and conservation triage; examine ethical debates in deciding which species to prioritise

## 3. Soil Conservation and Management

- [Biodiversity & Resilience](https://ai.page/c/biodiversity-and-resilience/index.md): Explain what biodiversity means, why high biodiversity makes ecosystems more resilient, and describe the ways human activity threatens biodiversity (habitat destruction, pollution, invasive species, climate change)

## 4. Energy Conservation

- [Renewable vs non-renewable energy](https://ai.page/c/renewable-vs-non-renewable-energy/index.md): Distinguish between renewable energy resources (solar, wind, hydroelectric, tidal, geothermal, biomass) and non-renewable resources (coal, oil, gas, nuclear), comparing their advantages, disadvantages, and environmental impacts

## 5. Environmental Resource Management

- [Finite Resources & Recycling](https://ai.page/c/finite-resources-and-recycling/index.md): Explain that many raw materials (metals, fossil fuels, minerals) are finite resources, describe the environmental costs of extraction, and evaluate the benefits of recycling and the circular economy

## 6. Plant and Animal Genetics

- [Predicting Inherited Traits](https://ai.page/c/predicting-inherited-traits/index.md): Explain how alleles are inherited in sexual reproduction and use Punnett squares to predict the probability of offspring inheriting a characteristic, including dominant and recessive alleles
- [Plant Reproduction](https://ai.page/c/plant-reproduction/index.md): Describe the structure of a flower and explain the processes of wind and insect pollination, fertilisation, seed and fruit formation, and seed dispersal in plants
- [Genetic Mutation](https://ai.page/c/genetic-mutation/index.md): Explain genetic mutation as a random change in DNA sequence, describe causes of mutation (e.g. radiation, chemicals, copying errors), and explain that most mutations are neutral, some harmful, and a few beneficial

## 7. Plant Health

- [Nutrients in a Healthy Diet](https://ai.page/c/nutrients-in-a-healthy-diet/index.md): Identify the seven components of a healthy diet — carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, dietary fibre, and water — and explain the role of each in the body

## 8. Plant Structures and Functions

- [Photosynthesis](https://ai.page/c/photosynthesis/index.md): Explain photosynthesis as the process by which plants use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen, and describe how mineral nutrients are absorbed through roots
- [Parts of Plant and Animal Cells](https://ai.page/c/parts-of-plant-and-animal-cells/index.md): Describe the functions of the main components of plant and animal cells: cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, vacuole, mitochondria, ribosomes, and chloroplasts

## 9. Animal Nutrition and Digestion

- [Digestion & Enzymes](https://ai.page/c/digestion-and-enzymes/index.md): Describe the organs of the human digestive system and how food is physically and chemically digested, including the role of enzymes as biological catalysts

## 10. Plant and Soil Science

- [Grouping Species Using DNA](https://ai.page/c/grouping-species-using-dna/index.md): Explain cladistics: organisms are grouped by shared derived characters, not just similarity; how phylogenetic trees are built using molecular data (DNA sequence alignment) and the molecular clock; explain why birds are technically a group within dinosaurs (crown Avemetatarsalia); distinguish convergent evolution (unrelated species evolving similar traits) from parallel evolution; introduce horizontal gene transfer and why the tree of life is more accurately a web; explain why classification systems keep changing as new data emerge

## 11. Plant Nutrition and Soil Fertility

- [Diet Imbalance & Deficiency](https://ai.page/c/diet-imbalance-and-deficiency/index.md): Explain the health consequences of an imbalanced diet including obesity (excess energy), starvation (severe energy deficit), and deficiency diseases (lack of specific nutrients, e.g. scurvy, rickets)

## 12. Reproductive Anatomy and Fertility

- [Human Reproduction](https://ai.page/c/human-reproduction/index.md): Describe the structure and function of the male and female human reproductive systems, and explain the processes of fertilisation, gestation, and birth including the role of the placenta

## 13. Animal Genetics and Selection

- [Plant Cells vs Animal Cells](https://ai.page/c/plant-cells-vs-animal-cells/index.md): Compare plant and animal cells, identifying shared features and structures unique to plant cells (cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts)

## 14. Environmental Science

- [Evidence for Evolution](https://ai.page/c/evidence-for-evolution/index.md): Describe the main types of evidence for evolution: the fossil record (change over time), comparative anatomy (homologous structures), and the geographic distribution of related species
- [The Carbon Cycle](https://ai.page/c/the-carbon-cycle/index.md): Describe the carbon cycle, tracing carbon through photosynthesis, respiration, feeding, decomposition, and combustion, and explain the role of each process

## 15. Earth And Space Science

- [Reading Ancient Climate Records](https://ai.page/c/reading-ancient-climate-records/index.md): Explain how ice cores preserve ancient air bubbles, isotope ratios, and volcanic markers allowing reconstruction of temperature and CO2 going back 800,000 years; describe tree rings, ocean sediment cores, coral skeletons, and pollen records as additional climate proxies; explain how climate models are built and validated against the palaeoclimate record; describe the IPCC process of synthesising scientific evidence across thousands of studies to produce consensus assessments
- [How Tectonic Plates Move](https://ai.page/c/how-tectonic-plates-move/index.md): Understand that convection currents in the molten mantle drive the movement of rigid tectonic plates; distinguish between convergent (collision/subduction), divergent (spreading ridges), and transform (sliding) plate boundaries; explain why volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain chains cluster at boundaries; introduce the Wilson cycle of supercontinent assembly and breakup

## 16. Biology

- [How Natural Selection Works](https://ai.page/c/how-natural-selection-works/index.md): Explain natural selection as the mechanism of evolution: heritable variation + competition for resources + differential survival and reproduction = change in allele frequency over generations
- [Extinction & Rapid Change](https://ai.page/c/extinction-and-rapid-change/index.md): Explain how environmental change can outpace a species' ability to adapt through natural selection, leading to extinction, using historical and contemporary examples
- [Chromosomes, Genes & DNA](https://ai.page/c/chromosomes-genes-and-dna/index.md): Describe the relationship between chromosomes, genes, and DNA in heredity, including the double helix structure of DNA and the historical roles of Watson, Crick, Franklin, and Wilkins
- [Aerobic Respiration](https://ai.page/c/aerobic-respiration/index.md): Explain aerobic respiration as the process by which organisms release energy from glucose using oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water; write and interpret the word equation: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
- [How the Body Stays in Balance](https://ai.page/c/how-the-body-stays-in-balance/index.md): Explain homeostasis as the process of maintaining a stable internal environment; describe the main feedback loop systems (negative feedback) using blood glucose regulation (insulin/glucagon) and body temperature as concrete examples; and connect the endocrine system (hormone-secreting glands) to the nervous system as two complementary communication systems with different speeds and durations
- [Cells to Organ Systems](https://ai.page/c/cells-to-organ-systems/index.md): Describe the hierarchical organisation of multicellular organisms: cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organism

## 17. Physics

- [Waves & Different Materials](https://ai.page/c/waves-and-different-materials/index.md): Explain how waves can be absorbed, transmitted, or reflected by different materials, and apply these interactions to explain colour perception, sight, communication technologies, and the effects of different surfaces on wave behaviour
- [Electromagnets](https://ai.page/c/electromagnets/index.md): Describe the magnetic effect of an electric current (a current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field), and investigate how the strength of an electromagnet depends on current, number of coil turns, and core material
- [Motors & the Motor Effect](https://ai.page/c/motors-and-the-motor-effect/index.md): Explain the motor effect as the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field, and describe how this principle is used in electric motors and loudspeakers
- [Newton's First & Second Laws](https://ai.page/c/newton-s-first-and-second-laws/index.md): State and apply Newton's First Law (an object stays at rest or constant velocity unless acted on by a resultant force) and Second Law (force = mass × acceleration), including the relationship between mass, force, and acceleration

## 18. Chemistry

- [Physical vs Chemical Changes](https://ai.page/c/physical-vs-chemical-changes/index.md): Distinguish between physical changes (reversible, no new substances formed) and chemical changes (new substances formed, often irreversible), using conservation of mass to understand both types

## 19. Physical Science

- [Body Temperature Regulation](https://ai.page/c/body-temperature-regulation/index.md): Explain how the human body detects and responds to environmental changes including temperature, including the role of the skin in temperature regulation (sweating, shivering, vasodilation, vasoconstriction)

## 20. Respiratory System

- [Gas Exchange & Breathing](https://ai.page/c/gas-exchange-and-breathing/index.md): Describe the structure of the human gas exchange system (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli) and explain how the mechanism of breathing — using pressure changes from rib and diaphragm movement — moves air in and out of the lungs

## 21. Lymphatic System and Immune Systems

- [Pathogens & the Immune System](https://ai.page/c/pathogens-and-the-immune-system/index.md): Explain how pathogens (bacteria, viruses, and fungi) cause disease and describe how the immune system responds, including the roles of white blood cells (phagocytosis, antibody production) and the concept of immunity

## 22. Cardiovascular System

- [Heart Structure & Double Circulation](https://ai.page/c/heart-structure-and-double-circulation/index.md): Describe the structure of the heart (four chambers, valves, coronary arteries) and explain how it pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the body in a double circulatory system

## 23. Skeletal System

- [The Human Skeleton](https://ai.page/c/the-human-skeleton/index.md): Describe the structure and four main functions of the human skeleton: support, protection, movement, and production of blood cells in bone marrow
- [Joints, Tendons & Ligaments](https://ai.page/c/joints-tendons-and-ligaments/index.md): Explain biomechanics — the interaction between skeleton and muscles at joints, including the roles of tendons (attach muscle to bone) and ligaments (attach bone to bone)

## Health: 0 of 100

Of its 37 own concepts: 0 have an explanation, 0 have practice, 0 have a measurement question, 0 have a checked version.

Findings (each is a task for anyone's AI):

- Earth's Atmosphere & CO2 has no explanation yet
- The Biodiversity Crisis has no explanation yet
- Biodiversity & Resilience has no explanation yet
- Renewable vs non-renewable energy has no explanation yet
- Finite Resources & Recycling has no explanation yet
- Predicting Inherited Traits comes before Chromosomes, Genes & DNA, which it needs
- Predicting Inherited Traits has no explanation yet
- Plant Reproduction has no explanation yet
- Genetic Mutation comes before Chromosomes, Genes & DNA, which it needs
- Genetic Mutation has no explanation yet
- Nutrients in a Healthy Diet has no explanation yet
- Photosynthesis comes before Plant Cells vs Animal Cells, which it needs
- Photosynthesis has no explanation yet
- Parts of Plant and Animal Cells has no explanation yet
- Digestion & Enzymes has no explanation yet
- Grouping Species Using DNA has no explanation yet
- Diet Imbalance & Deficiency has no explanation yet
- Human Reproduction has no explanation yet
- Plant Cells vs Animal Cells has no explanation yet
- Evidence for Evolution has no explanation yet
- The Carbon Cycle comes before Aerobic Respiration, which it needs
- The Carbon Cycle has no explanation yet
- Reading Ancient Climate Records has no explanation yet
- How Tectonic Plates Move has no explanation yet
- How Natural Selection Works has no explanation yet
- Extinction & Rapid Change has no explanation yet
- Chromosomes, Genes & DNA has no explanation yet
- Aerobic Respiration comes before Gas Exchange & Breathing, which it needs
- Aerobic Respiration has no explanation yet
- How the Body Stays in Balance has no explanation yet
- Cells to Organ Systems has no explanation yet
- Waves & Different Materials has no explanation yet
- Electromagnets has no explanation yet
- Motors & the Motor Effect has no explanation yet
- Newton's First & Second Laws has no explanation yet
- Physical vs Chemical Changes has no explanation yet
- Body Temperature Regulation has no explanation yet
- Gas Exchange & Breathing has no explanation yet
- Pathogens & the Immune System has no explanation yet
- Heart Structure & Double Circulation has no explanation yet
- The Human Skeleton has no explanation yet
- Joints, Tendons & Ligaments has no explanation yet

Credit: The structure of Oklahoma academic standards: Science (https://sde.ok.gov/sites/default/files/Oklahoma%20Academic%20Standards%20for%20Science.pdf); concepts from the Marble Skill Taxonomy (v1), © Generative Spark, Inc. (withmarble.com), text CC BY-SA 4.0, database ODbL 1.0: https://github.com/withmarbleapp/os-taxonomy, mapped to its standards by Marble.