How to learn Foundational Stage

National Curriculum Framework for School Education 2023 (NCERT): Foundational Stage, curricular goals and competencies, Foundational Stage

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1. Physical Development

1. Pitch of Sounds: Find patterns between the pitch of a sound and features of the object that produced it

2. Cognitive Development

1. Sorting & Categorising Words: Sort common objects and words into categories to understand how concepts relate; demonstrate understanding of opposites (antonyms) for common verbs and adjectives
2. Simple tests and experiments: Perform simple tests and use observations and ideas to suggest answers to questions
3. Sorting into categories: Classify objects into given categories, count the number in each category, and sort the categories by count
4. Spotting Patterns: Spot patterns and recurring structures — in numbers, words, nature, sounds, or events — and use them to make sense of new information
5. Counting forwards and backwards (age 9+): Count forwards and backwards in steps of powers of 10 (10, 100, 1000, 10,000, 100,000) for any given number up to 1,000,000
6. Decimal place value (age 8+): Compare numbers with the same number of decimal places up to two decimal places
7. Fluent adding and subtracting within 100: Fluently add and subtract within 100 using strategies based on place value, properties of operations, and the relationship between addition and subtraction
8. Multiplication as repeated addition: Understand multiplication as repeated addition and grouping equal sets
9. 2-D shapes: Recognise and name common 2-D shapes (circles, triangles, rectangles including squares)
10. Measurable Attributes of Objects: Describe and identify measurable attributes of objects such as length, height, weight, and capacity; use comparative language (longer, shorter, heavier, lighter, more, less)
11. Telling time to the minute: Measure and begin to record time in hours, minutes, and seconds

3. Language and Literacy Development

1. Reading fluently: Read aloud books matched to phonic ability accurately and with growing fluency; reread familiar texts to build confidence, speed, and expression
2. Narrative Writing: Write narratives with developed settings, characters and plot, using dialogue and description to develop experiences and show character responses to situations
3. Using New Vocabulary: Use words and phrases acquired through conversations, being read to, and responding to texts in own speech and writing
4. Syllables: Count, blend, and segment syllables in spoken words; divide written words into syllables as an aid to reading and spelling
5. Understanding print: Demonstrate understanding that print carries meaning, follows left-to-right top-to-bottom directionality, and is organised page by page in books
6. Knowing all letters: Recognise and name all uppercase and lowercase letters of the alphabet; name the letters in order and use letter names to distinguish between alternative spellings
7. Characters, settings, and events: Identify characters, settings, and major events in stories; become familiar with key stories, fairy tales, and traditional tales and retell them with key details in sequence

4. Aesthetic and Cultural Development

1. Growth Mindset: Understand the concept of a growth mindset — that abilities and intelligence can grow with effort, practice, and good strategies — as opposed to a fixed mindset where you believe you're either good at something or you're not
2. Similarities & Differences: Notice and appreciate ways that people are similar to and different from each other — including appearance, family structures, languages spoken, foods eaten, and celebrations observed — and understand that differences make communities interesting
3. Rules and agreements exist: Understand why rules and agreements exist — that they help keep people safe, make things fair, and help groups work well together — and follow agreed rules willingly rather than only when being watched